Morphometry of Glenoid Cavity

Objectives: Knowledge of the shape and dimensions of the glenoid are important in the design and fitting of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty. An understanding of variations in normal anatomy of the glenoid is essential while evaluating pathological conditions like osseous Bankart lesions and osteochondral defects. Methods: This study was done on 202 dry, unpaired adult human scapulae of unknown sex belonging to the south Indian population. Three glenoid diameters were measured, the superior-inferior diameter, anterior-posterior diameter of the lower half and the anterior-posterior diameter of the upper half of the glenoid. Based on a notch present on the anterior glenoid rim, variations in the shape of the glenoid cavity were classified as inverted comma shaped, pear shaped and oval. Results: The average superior-inferior diameter on right and the left sides were 33.67±2.82mm and 33.92±2.87mm respectively. The average anterior-posterior diameter of the lower half of the right glenoid was 23.35±2.04mm and that of the left was 23.02±2.30mm. The mean diameter of the upper half of the right glenoid was 16.27±2.01mm and that of the left was 15.77±1.96mm. Conclusion: The dimensions of the glenoid observed in the present study were lesser than those recorded in the studies done on other populations. This fact may be taken into consideration while designing glenoid prostheses for the south Indian population. The current study recorded a higher percentage of glenoid cavities having the glenoid notch as compared to earlier studies. While evaluating defects/lesions of the glenoid, this fact could be useful

Morphological Analysis of the Human Internal Iliac Artery in South Indian Population

Objectives: The accidental hemorrhage is common due to erroneous interpretation of the variant arteries during surgical procedures, hence the present study has been undertaken with reference to its morphological significance. The objectives were to examine the level of origin, length and the branching pattern of the human internal iliac artery in South Indian population. Methods: The study included 60 human bisected pelvises irrespective of their side and sex. The specimens were collected from the anatomy laboratory and were fixed with the formalin. The branching patterns were studied and demonstrated as per the guidelines of Adachi. Results: The origin of internal iliac artery was at the level of S1 vertebra in majority (58.3%) of the cases. The average length of internal iliac artery was 37 ± 4.62 mm (range, 13-54 mm). The type I pattern of the internal iliac artery was most common (83.5%) followed by types III and II. The type IV and V pattern of adachi were not observed. Conclusions: The results of this study were different from those reported by others and may be because of racial and geographical variations. Prior knowledge of the anatomical variations is beneficial for the vascular surgeons ligating the internal iliac artery or its branches and the radiologists interpreting angiograms of the pelvic region

A retrospective analysis of acute organophosphorus poisoning cases admitted to the tertiary care teaching hospital in South India

Objectives: We have herein reported our experience with the pattern of presentation of cases of acute organophosphorus (OP) poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the hospital records of patients with acute OP poisoning. In a pre-structured proforma, data regarding age, sex, time elapsed after intake, circumstances of poisoning, duration of hospitalization, severity, complications, and outcome of the patients were recorded. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, entered in the open office datasheet, and analyzed with PSPP software.Results: A total 101 patients were included in the study. Young adult males were more commonly involved than females (M:F 2.5:1). The mean age of the patients was 28 years (range 2-72 years, SD ± 14.3 years). Mean time to receive treatment was 5.2 ± 7.4 (range 1-48 h). About 45.5% patients received first aid before coming to the hospital. The reason was suicide in 88.1% cases and accident in 12 (11.9%, all children). Seventy-nine  patients received pralidoxime (PAM) and the mean duration was 1.7 ± 1.1 (range 1-4 days). Atropine was given in all patients. Mean duration was 5.1 ± 3.1 (range 1-19 days). Mean hospital stay was 7.5 ± 4.7 days (range 1-26 days). Mortality was 9.9% in the present series.Conclusion: Although the present study contribute substantial information regarding the epidemiology and outcome of acute OP poisoning in a tertiary care teaching hospital at a district level, its relatively small sample size and the retrospective record-based nature are the major limitations of the present study. There is a further need for prospective studies to understand the underlying socio-economic factors responsible for acute OP poisoning in our population, and, accordingly, address the problems to reduce the incidence of acute OP poisoning cases.Keywords: Acute poisoning, organophosphate poisoning pattern, outcome, tertiary care hospita

Prevalence of various β-lactamase (ESBL, AmpC and MBL) producing multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Extensive use of β- lactam group of antibiotics to treat the gram negative bacterial infections the antibiotic resistance are increasing and Acinetobacter species are budding as multidrug resistant (MDR) gram negative bacteria showing various β-lactamases mediated resistance. Materials and Methods: The presence of β-lactamases in the multi drug resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species were screened by β-lactamase assay method. The presence of ESBL was detected by phenotypic confirmatory test recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), AmpC was detected by CX/BA inhibitor method and carbapenem (IMP or MER)/EDTA combined disc method and Modified Hodge tests were performed to detect MBL mediated resistance mechanism. Results: We found high level of beta lactamase mediated resistance mechanism as part of multidrug resistance. Among 180 MDR isolates, 147 isolates were shown positive for beta lactamase assay method and these 147 isolates were further subjected to confirm presence of beta lactamase such as AmpC 105 (71.42%) followed by ESBL 84 (57.14%), MBL 43 (29.25%). Co-existence of ESBL and MBL also identified in 13 (8.84%) isolates. Conclusion: β-lactamase mediated resistance mechanisms are accounting very high in the multidrug resistant isolates of Acinetobacter species. Therefore early detection is necessary to screen and confirm beta lactamase mediated resistant strains to avoid treatment failure and prevent the spread of MDR

PLASMID PROFILE AND CURING, BIOFILM DETECTION AMONG ESBL PRODUCING ISOLATES OF ACINETOBACTER SPECIES

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the plasmid profile and curing in extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producers and know the association of biofilm formation among ESBLs.Methods: Standard disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer's method) was performed to know the sensitivity and resistance patterns for commonly used antibiotics and clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) recommended confirmatory phenotypic method was used to confirming ESBL producers. 56 ESBL producers were subjected to plasmid profiling and curing. The tube (qualitative) and microtitre (quantitative) methods were performed to detect the biofilm formation.Results: In all ESBL producers, a single plasmid was found with approximately 21, 226 bp. After plasmid curing, the resistance patterns against the third generation cephalosporin group of antibiotics were transformed into susceptible for all bacterial isolates. In tube method, 11 (19.64%) isolates were strong adherent, 08 (14.28%) were either weakly adherent or non-biofilm producers. In the microtitre plate method, 09 (16.07%) were considered as positive, and 47 (83.92%) were considered as negative for biofilm formation.Conclusion: We found a single resistant plasmid in all isolates and after curing of plasmids, the transformation of resistance to susceptibility against third generation drugs were observed. So, we concluded that ESBL mediated antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter spp. is maybe plasmid-mediated in the tested isolates. However, there was no association found between biofilm producers and ESBLs, this baseline information will be helpful to study more in this area.Keywords: Acinetobacter spp, Biofilm detection, ESBL, Plasmid profile and curin

Disruption of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 K5 Capsule Biosynthesis, through Loss of Distinct kfi genes, Modulates Interaction with Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Impact on Cell Health

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is among the best characterised probiotics, with a proven clinical impact in a range of conditions. Despite this, the mechanisms underlying these "probiotic effects" are not clearly defined. Here we applied random transposon mutagenesis to identify genes relevant to the interaction of EcN with intestinal epithelial cells. This demonstrated mutants disrupted in the kfiB gene, of the K5 capsule biosynthesis cluster, to be significantly enhanced in attachment to Caco-2 cells. However, this phenotype was distinct from that previously reported for EcN K5 deficient mutants (kfiC null mutants), prompting us to explore further the role of kfiB in EcN:Caco-2 interaction. Isogenic mutants with deletions in kfiB (EcNΔkfiB), or the more extensively characterised K5 capsule biosynthesis gene kfiC (EcNΔkfiC), were both shown to be capsule deficient, but displayed divergent phenotypes with regard to impact on Caco-2 cells. Compared with EcNΔkfiC and the EcN wild-type, EcNΔkfiB exhibited significantly greater attachment to Caco-2 cells, as well as apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. In contrast, EcNΔkfiC was comparable to the wild-type in these assays, but was shown to induce significantly greater COX-2 expression in Caco-2 cells. Distinct differences were also apparent in the pervading cell morphology and cellular aggregation between mutants. Overall, these observations reinforce the importance of the EcN K5 capsule in host-EcN interactions, but demonstrate that loss of distinct genes in the K5 pathway can modulate the impact of EcN on epithelial cell health

Diamond Dicing

In OLAP, analysts often select an interesting sample of the data. For example, an analyst might focus on products bringing revenues of at least 100 000 dollars, or on shops having sales greater than 400 000 dollars. However, current systems do not allow the application of both of these thresholds simultaneously, selecting products and shops satisfying both thresholds. For such purposes, we introduce the diamond cube operator, filling a gap among existing data warehouse operations. Because of the interaction between dimensions the computation of diamond cubes is challenging. We compare and test various algorithms on large data sets of more than 100 million facts. We find that while it is possible to implement diamonds in SQL, it is inefficient. Indeed, our custom implementation can be a hundred times faster than popular database engines (including a row-store and a column-store).Comment: 29 page

DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS USING HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS LEAVES MUCILAGE

ABSTRACT The main objective of the present investigation was to design matrix tablets of Diclofenac sodium using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves mucilage and to study its release retardant activity in prepared sustained release formulations. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves were evaluated for physicochemical properties. Different matrix tablets of Diclofenac sodium Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves mucilage were formulated. The matrix tablets found to have better uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and drug content with low deviated values. The swelling behavior, release rate characteristics and the in-vitro dissolution study proved that the dried Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves mucilage can be used as a matrix forming material for preparing sustained release matrix tablets. The kinetics of drug release from selected DHR-5 formulation followed zero order. It was concluded that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves mucilage can be used as an effective matrix forming polymer, to sustain the release of Diclofenac sodium from the formulation