Breeding population trends of Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata and other waders: drastic declines on meadows in the west of Schleswig-Holstein from 1968 to 2005

In einem Gebiet im Westen Schleswig-Holsteins (Dellstedter Moor) wurde von 1969 bis 2005 in mehr oder weniger großen Intervallen der Brutbestand von Wiesenlimikolen erfasst. Vier Arten (Kiebitz, Bekassine, Uferschnepfe, Gr. Brachvogel) nahmen dramatisch ab, zwei (Austernfischer, Rotschenkel) sind nahezu verschwunden. Der Bestand des Großen Brachvogels stieg von 3 (1968) auf 22 Paare (2001), um dann wieder auf 6 Paare (2005) abzufallen. 2003, 2004 und 2005 fanden sich jeweils 4, 4 bzw. 3-4 Territorien auf regenerierendem Hochmoor und 6, 3 bzw. 2 auf Wirtschaftsgrünland. 2003 hatte je ein Paar in beiden Habitaten Bruterfolg. Der starke Bestandsrückgang innerhalb von nur vier Jahren lässt sich hauptsächlich wie folgt interpretieren: Brutortstreue und möglicherweise hohes Lebensalter erhielten jahrelang einen verhältnismäßig großen Bestand. Das Zusammentreffen von Alterssterblichkeit und sehr geringer Fortpflanzungsrate alter Brachvögel beschleunigte dann die Abnahme. Die Rückgänge der weiteren Arten sind im Wesentlichen mit Flächenverlusten (37 % weniger Grünland) und landwirtschaftlichen Arbeiten zu erklären: Für Bruten und Ersatzbruten steht zwischen verschiedenen Maßnahmen intensiver Grünlandnutzung (Düngen, Schleppen, Walzen, Mahd) zu wenig Zeit zur Verfügung.The breeding population of meadow-breeding waders in the Dellstedt bog area in the west of Schleswig-Holstein (54° 15’ N, 09° 21’ E, Fig. 1) was investigated from 1969 to 2005. The breeding populations of four species (Eurasian Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa and Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata) declined drastically; two species (Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and Redshank Tringa totanus) have almost disappeared from the area (Tab.1). Three pairs of the Eurasian Curlew were recorded in 1968, 22 in 2001 and 6 in 2005 (Fig.2). In 2003, 2004 and 2005 4, 4 and 3-4 territories were found on restored bogs and 6, 3 and 2 pairs on farmed grassland, respectively. In 2003 one pair each bred successfully in these habitats. The drastic decline by 73% in four years can be interpreted as follows: Site fidelity and possibly their high age enabled the birds to maintain a comparatively large population. Later, the combination of age related high mortality and poor breeding success of old Curlews accelerated the decline. The drastic declines of the other species are mainly the result of present farming practice (Tab. 2): There is too little time available for the breeding attempts and second clutches between farming activities

Passage migration of Ortolan Buntings Emberiza hortulana at the German Bight Helgoland and Schleswig-Holstein) in the period 1964-2000

Das Zugvorkommen des Ortolans an der Deutschen Bucht hat1964-2000 deutlich abgenommen. Die Art tritt alljährlich in beiden Zugperioden auf. Die Jahressummen schwanken zwischen 5 und 76 Individuen (durchschnittlich 34). Der Heimzug dauert vom 29. März bis 6. Juni (8 Dekaden), der Wegzug vom 4. August bis 28. Oktober (10 Dekaden, Abb. 2). Aus dem Gesamtmaterial (n = 1030) beträgt die Relation Heimzug zu Wegzug 1 zu 1,7. Im großräumigen Vergleich (südliche Bundesländer bis Nordjütland) ergibt sich überall ein starkes Überwiegen der Heimzügler (73-93%). Dieses Phänomen wird einerseits als Schleifenzug, andererseits als Heimzugprolongation (z.B. für NW-Niedersachsen) gedeutet. Die Diskussion zu den enormen Brutbestandsverlusten (in Fennoskandien) ergibt, dass die aktuelle klimatische Situation überregional kaum als bedeutender Faktor anzusehen ist. Demgegenüber sind Habitatveränderungen in den Brutund Durchzugsräumen gewichtiger, ferner menschliche Verfolgung, worauf allein jährlich 50.000 getötete Ortolane in Südfrankreich hinweisen.Numbers of migrating Ortolan Buntings decreased dramatically in the German Bight in the period 1964-2000. Ortolan Buntings occur every year during spring and autumn migration. Annual numbers fluctuate between 5 and 76 individuals (average 34). The spring migration period lasts from 29th March to the 6th June, the autumn migration period from 4th August to the 28th October (fig. 2). The observations and median values are presented in table 1. The ratio of numbers recorded during spring and autumn migration for all observations (n=1030) is 1:1.7. This compares well with observations made in the region between southern Germany and North Jutland where 73-93% of observations are made during spring migration. This phenomenon is explained as loop migration or prolongation of spring migration (e.g. Lower Saxony). The present climate can hardly be the reason for the enormous population declines (in Fenno-Scandinavia). Habitat changes in breeding areas and stopover sites during migration play a more important role in the declines. The fact that in southern France alone 50,000 Ortolan Buntings are killed each year needs to be mentioned in this respect

Renormalization-group approach to the spectral function of the Tomonaga-Luttinger model

Die Entwicklung der Renormierungsgruppen-Technik, die in ihrer feldtheoretischen Version auf Ideen von Stückelberg und Petermann und in der Festkörperphysik auf K.G. Wilson zurückgeht, hat wesentliche Einsichten in die Natur physikalischer Systeme geliefert. Insbesondere das Konzept der so genannten Universalitätsklassen erhellt, warum Systeme, die durch scheinbar sehr verschiedene Hamilton-Operatoren beschrieben werden, doch im Wesentlichen die selbe (Niederenergie-)Physik zeigen. Ein weiterer Grund für den Erfolg dieser Methode liegt darin begründet, dass sie in systematischer Weise unendlich viele Feynman-Diagramme aufsummiert und somit über konventionelle Störungstheorie hinaus geht. Dies spielt in der Festkörperphysik vor allem dann eine wichtige Rolle, wenn das vorliegende physikalische System stark korreliert ist. Entsprechend der Vielzahl von Anwendungsmöglichkeiten hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine große Bandbreite verschiedener Formulierungen der Renormierungsgruppen-Technik ergeben. Eine davon ist die sogenannte funktionale Renormierungsgruppe, die auf Wegner und Houghton zurück geht und die auch in der vorliegenden Arbeit benutzt und weiter entwickelt wurde. Wir haben hier insbesondere auf die Einbeziehung der wichtigen Reskalierungsschritte wertgelegt. Als erstes Anwendungsgebiet des neu entwickelten Formalismus wurden stark korrelierte Elektronen in einer Raumdimension ausgewählt und hier insbesondere ein Modell, das als Tomonaga-Luttinger-Modell (TLM) bezeichnet wird. Im TLM wechselwirken Elektronen mit einer strikt linearen Energiedispersion ausschließlich über so genannte Vorwärtsstreu-Prozesse. Aufgrund der Linearisierung der Energiedispersion nahe der Fermipunkte ergibt sich ein Modell, das z.B. mit Hilfe der so genannten Bosonisierungs-Technik exakt gelöst werden kann. Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die bekannte Spektralfunktion dieses Modells unter Verwendung des Renormierungsgruppen-Formalismus zu reproduzieren. Gegenüber der bisherigen Implementierung der Renormierungsgruppe, bei der lediglich der Fluss einer endlichen Anzahl von Kopplungskonstanten betrachtet wird, stellt die Berechnung des Flusses ganzer Korrelationsfunktionen eine enorme Erweiterung dar. Der Erfolg dieser Herangehensweise im TLM bestärkt die Hoffnung, dass es in Zukunft auch möglich sein wird, die Spektralfunktionen anderer Modelle mit dieser Methode zu berechnen, bei denen herkömmliche Techniken versagen

Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of Turbulence On Slot-Fed Film Cooling Adiabatic Effectiveness And Downstream Heat Transfer

Modern turbine designers are greatly concerned with power out and the efficiency of their engines. One way to increase the power output and effectiveness of the engine is to increase the hot gas temperature inside the combustion chamber. The hot gas can reach a temperature that exceeds the physical limitations of parts inside the engine, causing the parts to fail prematurely. One possible method to cool the parts is with the use film cooling. Film cooling takes cool air from the compressor, bypasses the combustor, and ducts the air to internal chambers of parts, and then ejects the cool air onto the surface of the part. This provides both cooling and protection from deposition. Due to the large number of turbine engines in service today, it is impossible to know what the perfect film cooling package is. Different turbines have different inlet conditions, burn at different temperatures, have different turbulence intensities in the flow, and require different amount of cooling. Research has been done in the past to determine some of the parameters that affect film cooling performance. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of turbulence, Reynolds number, and blowing ratio on the adiabatic effectiveness of film cooling and the downstream heat transfer. This research utilized the large scale, low speed cascade wind tunnel facility at the University of North Dakota. The effectiveness of two different cylindrical leading edge test surfaces was investigated. For this project, a unique pin fin array was developed and integrated in the two cylindrical leading edge test sections. The test sections were designed, fabricated, and instrumented to be able to acquire temperature measurements and pressure measurements at different locations along the test surface. A way to produce and deliver coolant air was designed, fabricated, and instrumented. Data was acquired for each of the cylinders at the different test conditions. The turbulence intensities were acquired by another student. In the future, additional data will be taken with the cylindrical test sections. Temperature data while film cooling will be measured via infrared camera. Shaped coolant ejection holes are being designed and will be tested. A leading edge with deposition will also be tested. All of the future data will be compared to this baseline data. Hopefully, the data from this research will be used by turbine designers to better understand the effects on film cooling, and produce a better, more efficient engine

Contactless quantum non-linear optics with cold Rydberg atoms

Rydberg quantum optics achieves optical non-linearities at the single-photon level by mapping the strong dipolar interactions between Rydberg atoms in cold atomic gases onto light fields using electromagnetically-induced transparency and photon storage. The non-linearities are a direct consequence of the long-range character of the interaction which allows a single photon to modify the optical response in a volume containing many atoms. In this thesis, the long-range character of the resulting effective photon-photon interaction is directly observed as photons propagating in non-overlapping optical modes are stored as collective Rydberg excitations in adjacent and non-overlapping microscopic clouds of 87Rb atoms. While stored, van-der-Waals interactions imprint spatially non-uniform phase shifts in the collective excitations. These distort the photons' retrieval modes resulting in anti-correlated retrieval between the original modes.In this first demonstration of contactless effective interactions between photons, these effects are observed between photons separated by more than 15 times their wavelength, well above the optical diffraction limit.This represents a promising step towards the implementation of scalable, multichannel quantum optical devices such as quantum gates. The experiments are enabled by a new, specialised experimental setup centred around a pair of in-vacuo aspheric lenses. These provide optical resolution of order 1 µm to optically trap and address the ensembles separated by distances well below the range of Rydberg interactions. The ensembles are prepared in approximately 100 ms thanks to efficient loading of a magneto-optical trap (MOT) from an atomic beam produced by a 2D MOT. Combined with the ability to recycle the ensembles > 20000 times, effective cycle times exceeding 100 kHz enable the acquisition of large datasets for the analysis of photon statistics within a matter of minutes

Advantages & Challenges: An Assessment of SUNY Oneonta\u27s Current Approach to International Student Services

The decision to become an international student is a choice that is as challenging as it is rewarding, and is one that I am familiar with from both a professional and personal standpoint. Per a recent Open Doors’ account, 1,043,839 students from around the world have made the decision to study in the United States in 2016. These individuals make up 9% of New York State’s student population, and 10.1% of the State University of New York system (SUNY, 2016). Currently SUNY Oneonta is host to 56 of these international students, whom I was excited to work with through my practicum at SUNY Oneonta’s Office of International Education (OIE). Fostering intercultural relationships, gaining a new perspective and broadening one’s world view are among the many benefits that are valued as an international student, yet encounters with cultural, academic and social barriers present challenges that can lead to confusion or isolation. As a result of my work and experience with this practicum, and interactions with the international students who are supported through the OIE and other campus resources, I have concluded that SUNY Oneonta greatly values these individuals. There are many offices, programs and support systems that are designed to benefit international students on campus and I hypothesized that these specialized resources are readily available to this population, but I question the frequency in which they are used. To test this observation, I designed a study that would help me understand how international students felt they were being supported. I submitted a voluntary and anonymous survey for international students to comment on what they consider to be both beneficial and challenging aspects of life at SUNY Oneonta for the month of September 2017. Upon analysis of responses, I realized the data verified my initial observations but also made me aware of the larger context of international observation and how campus policy plays a role in international student satisfaction. As SUNY Oneonta continues to make great strides toward Strategic Plan goals, introducing and applying definite internationalization policy that promote greater global integration on campus would not only benefit international students but domestic students as well. The purpose of this capstone is to better understand the methods that SUNY Oneonta employs as a host to create a satisfactory experience for their international students through resources and advising, and propose policies that can augment these efforts while facilitating progression towards greater internationalization on campus

Social Work Perceptions of Job Satisfaction in Host and Primary Settings: A Comparative Analysis

Job satisfaction can have personal and professional effects on social workers as well as the quality of service provided to clients. Structural variables such as supervision or role ambiguity may effect job satisfaction, but the intensity to which it effects the social worker may be different from setting to setting. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the contribution of selected factors associated with job satisfaction in two different settings. The research design for this exploratory study, is a cross-sectional mailed survey. A random sample of 75 social workers in host settings and primary settings were sent surveys. A comparative analysis of the data was completed utilizing non-parametric statistics. The majority of social workers in both settings were satisfied with their job, however, specific factors were found to effect job satisfaction differently in host and primary settings

How does a quadratic term in the energy dispersion modify the single-particle Green's function of the Tomonaga-Luttinger model?

We calculate the effect of a quadratic term in the energy dispersion on the low-energy behavior of the Green's function of the spinless Tomonaga-Luttinger model (TLM). Assuming that for small wave-vectors q = k - k_F the fermionic excitation energy relative to the Fermi energy is v_F q + q^2 / (2m), we explicitly calculate the single-particle Green's function for finite but small values of lambda = q_c /(2k_F). Here k_F is the Fermi wave-vector, q_c is the maximal momentum transfered by the interaction, and v_F = k_F / m is the Fermi velocity. Assuming equal forward scattering couplings g_2 = g_4, we find that the dominant effect of the quadratic term in the energy dispersion is a renormalization of the anomalous dimension. In particular, at weak coupling the anomalous dimension is tilde{gamma} = gamma (1 - 2 lambda^2 gamma), where gamma is the anomalous dimension of the TLM. We also show how to treat the change of the chemical potential due to the interactions within the functional bosonization approach in arbitrary dimensions.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur