USO DAS IMAGNES DE SATÉLITE DO GOOGLE EARTH NA ANÁLISE URBANA: UMA PROPOSTA PARA O ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA

Neste trabalho, realizou-se uma abordagem entorno da utilização de imagens de satélite para a elucidação de questões voltadas ao ensino de geografia, neste sentido, utilizou o software Google Earth com enfoque na representação e analise do espaço urbano. Para tanto, buscou-se verificar a procedência das imagens do programa citado, bem como apresentar o satélite GeoEye-1 o qual é um dos mais sofisticados satélites procedentes de imagens comerciais e que fornece imagens para o Google Earth. Foram comparadas imagens de metrópoles, cidades de grande, médio e pequeno porte, como exemplo, São Paulo – SP, Curitiba – PR, Maringá – PR e Campo Mourão – PR. Através das imagens fornecidas pelo Google Earth, pode-se comparar a estrutura de cada uma das cidades e propor uma metodologia de ensino voltada para o uso da informática, atendendo as novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Concluindo que a utilização para diferenciar a hierarquia urbana, apresentando as características peculiares que cada cidade apresenta, o software torna-se um importante mecanismo didático no auxilio a informação

Estudio experimental del secado de hojas de chía (<i>Salvia hispánica</i> L.)

Las hojas de Salvia hispánica L. chía presentan potencial uso medicinal, en perfumería y como saborizante, además de propiedades repelentes de algunos insectos, siendo escasos los estudios sobre secado y conservación de las mismas. En el presente trabajo, se analizan condiciones de secado en laboratorio y en secador solar pasivo, como asimismo se determinan características microscópicas y espectrales de tejido fresco y seco, constituyendo un avance en el conocimiento del material y metodología de estudio a efectos de su aplicación.Leaves of Salvia hispanica L. chia have potential medicinal use in perfumery and as a flavoring, in addition to some insect repellent properties, with few studies on drying and preserving them. In this paper, drying conditions in laboratory and analyze passive solar dryer, microscopic and spectral features of cool, dry tissue was also determined, providing a breakthrough in understanding the material and methodology to study effects of its application.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Structural and functional papez circuit integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is heterogeneous but now recognized as a feature in non-demented patients and no longer exclusively attributed to executive dysfunction. However, despite common reports of temporal lobe changes and memory deficits in ALS, episodic memory has been less explored. In the current study, we examined how the Papez circuit—a circuit known to participate in memory processes—is structurally and functionally affected in ALS patients (n = 20) compared with healthy controls (n = 15), and whether these changes correlated with a commonly used clinical measure of episodic memory. Our multimodal MRI approach (cortical volume, voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging and resting state functional magnetic resonance) showed reduced gray matter in left hippocampus, left entorhinal cortex and right posterior cingulate as well as increased white matter fractional anisotropy and decreased mean diffusivity in the left cingulum bundle (hippocampal part) of ALS patients compared with controls. Interestingly, thalamus, mammillary bodies and fornix were preserved. Finally, we report a decreased functional connectivity in ALS patients in bilateral hippocampus, bilateral anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus and posterior cingulate. The results revealed that ALS patients showed statistically significant structural changes, but more important, widespread prominent functional connectivity abnormalities across the regions comprising the Papez circuit. The decreased functional connectivity found in the Papez network may suggest these changes could be used to assess risk or assist early detection or development of memory symptoms in ALS patients even before structural changes are established