Personalised profiling to identify clinically relevant changes in tremor due to multiple sclerosis

Background: There is growing interest in sensor-based assessment of upper limb tremor in multiple sclerosis and other movement disorders. However, previously such assessments have not been found to offer any improvement over conventional clinical observation in identifying clinically relevant changes in an individual's tremor symptoms, due to poor test-retest repeatability. Method: We hypothesised that this barrier could be overcome by constructing a tremor change metric that is customised to each individual's tremor characteristics, such that random variability can be distinguished from clinically relevant changes in symptoms. In a cohort of 24 people with tremor due to multiple sclerosis, the newly proposed metrics were compared against conventional clinical and sensor-based metrics. Each metric was evaluated based on Spearman rank correlation with two reference metrics extracted from the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale: a task-based measure of functional disability (FTMTRS B) and the subject's self-assessment of the impact of tremor on their activities of daily living (FTMTRS C). Results: Unlike the conventional sensor-based and clinical metrics, the newly proposed ’change in scale’ metrics presented statistically significant correlations with changes in self-assessed impact of tremor (max R2>0.5,p< 0.05 after correction for false discovery rate control). They also outperformed all other metrics in terms of correlations with changes in task-based functional performance (R2=0.25 vs. R2=0.15 for conventional clinical observation, both p< 0.05).Conclusions: The proposed metrics achieve an elusive goal of sensor-based tremor assessment: improving on conventional visual observation in terms of sensitivity to change. Further refinement and evaluation of the proposed techniques is required, but our core findings imply that the main barrier to translational impact for this application can be overcome. Sensor-based tremor assessments may improve personalised treatment selection and the efficiency of clinical trials for new treatments by enabling greater standardisation and sensitivity to clinically relevant changes in symptoms

Imaging microscopic electronic contrasts at the interface of single-layer WS2 with oxide and boron nitride substrates

The electronic properties of devices based on two-dimensional materials are significantly influenced by interactions with the substrate and electrode materials. Here, we use photoemission electron microscopy to investigate the real- and momentum-space electronic structures of electrically contacted single-layer WS2 stacked on hBN, SiO2, and TiO2 substrates. Using work function and X-ray absorption imaging, we single-out clean microscopic regions of each interface type and collect the valence band dispersion. We infer the alignments of the electronic bandgaps and electron affinities from the measured valence band offsets of WS2 and the three substrate materials using a simple electron affinity rule and discuss the implications for vertical band structure engineering using mixed three- and two-dimensional materials

Aspectos da ?drive for muscularity?em estudantes de Educação Física

“Drive for muscularity” refere-se ao desejo de alcançar um corpo musculoso idealizado e ao grau de preocupação que o sujeito pode ter a respeito do aumento da sua musculatura e a motivação para se tornar mais musculoso. O propósito deste estudo foi o de contribuir para a compreensão do “drive for muscularity” no cenário brasileiro, procurando identificar crenças, sentimentos e comportamentos a este constructo relacionados, em estudantes de educação física do sexo masculino. Dois grupos focais, com cinco participantes cada, foram realizados para evidenciar elementos de “drive for muscularity”. Através da análise de decomposição temática foram identificados dois temas, nos quais foram distribuídos cinco subtemas: “é importante ser musculoso”; “é importante ser suficientemente musculoso”; “construção do corpo musculoso”; “o peso de estar fora do padrão” e “o preço para atingir o padrão”. Concluiu-se que aparência e a função são importantes, aquele que parece forte também deve ser capaz de fazer força. O corpo suficientemente musculoso, com baixo percentual de gordura é aquele valorizado, inclusive no mercado de trabalho. A forma mais lícita de alcançar o corpo musculoso é através da rotina ascética de treinamento, alimentação balanceada e descanso. Os suplementos alimentares são recursos adicionais aceitos. O uso de esteroides anabolizantes por aqueles com “herança genética” desfavorável é inicialmente “perdoado”, mas o corpo que resulta deste recurso é fonte de sentimentos ambíguos

Psychosocial correlates of body image and body change behaviors among Malaysian adolescent boys and girls

This study used a psychosocial framework to investigate the relationships between BMI, body dissatisfaction, body change behaviors and mental health/behavioral problems amongst a sample of 513 Malay, Indian and Chinese adolescent boys and girls in Malaysia who completed questionnaires assessing these variables. Expected gender differences were not found in relation to body dissatisfaction or engagement in strategies to increase weight, but boys reported greater engagement in strategies to increase muscles. Relationships between body dissatisfaction and engagement in body change behaviors and mental health/behavioral problems varied across race and gender. These findings suggest that the psychosocial framework is a useful way to conceptualise body dissatisfaction and related behaviors, and that caution should be exercised in generalising findings across gender and culture.<br /