Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas- Part II: Monitoring Guidance Specifications

This document has been prepared by the Technical Subgroup on Underwater Noise and other forms of Energy (TSG Noise), established in 2010 by the Marine Directors, i.e. the representatives of directorates or units in European Union Member States, Acceding Countries, Candidate Countries and EFTA Member States dealing with or responsible for marine issues. In December 2011, the Marine Directors requested the TSG Noise to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by Member States in establishing monitoring schemes to meet the needs of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive indicators for underwater noise in their marine waters. This document presents the recommendations and information needed to commence the monitoring required for underwater noise.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas - Part I: Executive Summary

This document has been prepared by the Technical Subgroup on Underwater Noise and other forms of Energy (TSG Noise), established in 2010 by the Marine Directors, i.e. the representatives of directorates or units in European Union Member States, Acceding Countries, Candidate Countries and EFTA Member States dealing with or responsible for marine issues. In December 2011, the Marine Directors requested the TSG Noise to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by Member States in establishing monitoring schemes to meet the needs of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive indicators for underwater noise in their marine waters. This document presents the key conclusions and recommendations that support the implementation of the practical guidance to commence the monitoring required for underwater noise.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Das Verhalten des Großen Tümmlers Tursiops truncatus in unstrukturierten swim- with-dolphin Programmen

0\. Preface 4 1\. General introduction 5 2\. Can dolphins heal by ultrasound? 10 3\. Sound source location by difference of phase, on a hydrophone array with small dimensions. 24 4\. Behavior of dolphins Tursiops truncatus towards adults and children during swim-with-dolphin programs and towards children with disabilities during therapy sessions. 34 5\. Impact of different kinds of humans in Swim-With-The-Dolphin Programs 51 6\. General discussion 78 7\. Summary 83 8\. Zusammenfassung 85 9\. References 87 10\. Acknowledgement 10In recent years, swimming programs with dolphins and in particular dolphin- assisted therapy programs have become very popular. In spite of this popularity, there is a lack of scientific study and publication concerning the behavior of dolphins in these swimming programs. This thesis attempts to give some shape to this topic. Here is a brief description of the direction of the research: In order to provide the study with a groundwork with which to interpret dolphin behavior the first focus was on dolphin ultrasound. In particular, ultrasound characteristics and possible modes of functioning were analysed. Based on publications in medicine concerning the safe use of ultrasound and the calculation of possible dolphin ultrasound emission, it is predictable, that under certain conditions - sufficient intensity, repeated application over several days or weeks and a certain exposure time during each session - ultrasound emitted by dolphins can have an effect on biological tissue, especially on swimmers� tissue. This prediction was used to interpret the observed contacts between dolphins and human swimmers. Furthermore, a method was developed and a device was built to ascertain the directional reference of the individual animal sound emissions. Data recording of dolphin behaviors took place 1998 at "Dolphins Plus", Florida/USA, (five dolphins, 83 sessions) and 2002 at the "Dolphin Reef", Eilat/Israel, (13 dolphins, 37 sessions). Analyses were concentrated exclusively on data of unstructured swimming programs, where dolphins could interact spontaneously with the swimmers with no control from the trainers. Detailed observations of contacts and distance behaviors between dolphins and different groups of swimmers (adults, children and disabled children) at "Dolphins Plus" showed that only one of the five dolphins had a clear preference towards disabled children. Through my calculated predictions, I could conclude that the observed close contacts between dolphins and disabled children and the resulting maximal possible duration of ultrasound application did not constitute sufficient evidence to expect an ultrasound effect on biological tissue. In addition to the analysis of dolphin preferences to particular groups of humans at the "Dolphins Plus", the spatial distribution of dolphins and humans was examined. It became apparent, that close spatial distances between the dolphins and humans involved in the swimming programs were more rare than expected for a random distribution of dolphins. In addition, some other significant dolphin behaviours appeared modified, whereby especially their speed of movement, frequency of breathing and depth of diving showed values that were greater than during times without swimming programs. When adult humans were present such effects were more prominent than under a presence of disabled children. These findings have been interpreted as indications for a 'subject-related' avoidance behaviour of dolphins at the "Dolphins Plus" towards human swimmers. The findings at "Dolphins Plus" were compared with the behavior of dolphins at "Dolphin Reef". It was shown that the dolphins were very attracted to the human swimmers there. Both facilities were fenced enclosures with ocean water but their sizes differ and dolphins were treated differently. Therefore, I have discussed how the different living conditions may be responsible for the differences in dolphin behavior.In den vergangenen Jahren wurden Schwimmprogramme mit Delfinen und speziell auch Therapieprogramme, bei denen Delfine eingesetzt werden, sehr populär. Gleichwohl mangelt es noch an Veröffentlichungen, die sich mit dem Verhalten beschäftigen, das die Delfine während solcher Schwimmprogramme zeigen. Die in der vorgelegten Dissertation zusammengefassten Einzelarbeiten zielten nun darauf ab, diesen Mangel zu verringern. Im Hinblick auf diese Aufgabenstellung wurden folgende Wege beschritten: Um eine Grundlage für die Beurteilung spezieller Verhaltensleistungen der Delfine zu schaffen, wurden zunächst Eigenschaften und mögliche Wirkungsweisen des Ultraschalls der Tiere betrachtet. Basierend auf Untersuchungen in der Medizin wurde dann berechnet, unter welchen Bedingungen der Einsatz des Sonars zu etwaigen biologischen Wirkungen auf Adressaten, vor allem menschliche Schwimmer, führen könnte. Ich konnte vorhersagen, dass der Ultraschall von Delfinen unter bestimmten Bedingungen (Intensitätsgrad, Beschallungsdauer, wiederholte Anwendung, etc.) einen Einfluss auf biologisches Gewebe haben kann. Die Ergebnisse dienten der Interpretation von Kontakten, zwischen Delfinen und Schwimmern, z.B. Patienten einer Therapiemaßnahme. Des Weiteren wurde ein Gerät entwickelt und gebaut, das eine genaue Bestimmung der Richtung von Unterwasserschall gestattet. Dadurch wurde es möglich zu klären, welcher Delfin gerade akustisch aktiv ist. Die Daten zum Delfinverhalten waren 1998 im "Dolphins Plus", Florida/USA, (fünf Delfine, 83 Schwimmsessions) und 2002 im "Dolphin Reef", Eilat/Israel, (13 Delfine, 37 Schwimmsessions) erhoben worden. Analysiert wurde ausschließlich das Verhalten von Delfinen während unstrukturierter Schwimmprogramme. In diesen Programmen konnten die Tiere selbstständig mit Menschen interagieren und bekamen keine Kommandos von den Trainern. Die Auswertung meiner Daten zum Kontakt- und Distanzverhalten der Delfine zu unterschiedlichen Menschengruppen (Erwachsenen und Kindern sowie behinderten Kindern) im "Dolphins Plus" zeigten, dass nur einer der fünf beobachteten Delfine eine klare Präferenz zu behinderten Kindern aufwies. Die Anwendung meiner berechneten Vorhersagen gestattete den Schluss, dass sogar in diesem Fall die beobachteten engen Kontakte zwischen Delfinen und Kindern und die daraus resultierende Beschallungsdauer nicht ausreichend waren, um eine biologische Wirkung auf Letztere wahrscheinlich werden zu lassen. Neben der Analyse der Präferenzen zu bestimmten Menschengruppen wurde am "Dolphins Plus" die räumliche Verteilung von Delfinen und Menschen analysiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Nahkontakte der Delfine zu Menschen seltener auftraten als bei der Annahme einer statistisch zufälligen Verteilung zu erwarten war. Zusätzlich kam es während der Schwimmprogramme zu Veränderungen einiger wichtiger Verhaltensparameter; wobei speziell die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit, die Atemfrequenz und die Tauchtiefe der Delfine höhere Werte aufwiesen als außerhalb der Schwimmprogramme. Die Verhaltensbesonderheiten waren bei Anwesenheit von erwachsenen Personen deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei Anwesenheit von behinderten Kindern. Die Befunde wurden als Hinweise auf ein 'personenbezogenes Vermeideverhalten' der Delfine des "Dolphins Plus" gegenüber Menschen gedeutet. Die Daten aus dem "Dolphins Plus" wurden mit denen aus dem "Dolphin Reef" verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Delfine am "Dolphin Reef" eindeutig den Kontakt zu Menschen suchten. Beide Einrichtungen waren Freiwassergehege, die sich jedoch in ihrer Größe und in der Haltung der Delfine unterschieden. Aus diesem Grund wurde das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Tiere im "Dolphins Plus" und im "Dolphin Reef" im Kontext der unterschiedlichen Haltungsbedingungen betrachtet und diskutiert

Noxious somatic stimuli diminish respiratory-sympathetic coupling by selective resetting of the respiratory rhythm in anaesthetized rats

Noxious somatic stimulation evokes respiratory and autonomic responses. the mechanisms underlying the responses and the manner in which they are co-ordinated are still unclear. the effects of activation of somatic nociceptive fibres on lumbar sympathetic nerve activity at slow (210 Hz) and fast frequency bands (1001000 Hz) and the effects on respiratorysympathetic coupling are unknown. in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated SpragueDawley rats under neuromuscular blockade, ensemble averaging of sympathetic activity following high-intensity single-pulse stimulation of the sciatic nerve revealed two peaks (similar to 140 and similar to 250 ms) that were present at similar latencies whether or not slow or fast band filtering was used. Additionally, in the slow band of both lumbar and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, a third peak with a very slow latency (similar to 650 ms) was apparent. in the respiratory system, activation of the sciatic nerve decreased the expiratory period when the stimulus occurred during the first half of expiration, but increased the expiratory period if the stimulus was delivered in the second half of the expiratory phase. the phase shifting of the respiratory cycle also impaired the respiratorysympathetic coupling in both splanchnic and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in the subsequent respiratory cycle. the findings suggest that noxious somatosympathetic responses reduce the co-ordination between respiration and perfusion by resetting the respiratory pattern generator.National Health and Medical Research Council of AustraliaNational Heart Foundation of AustraliaAustralian Research CouncilMacquarie UniversityMacquarie Research Excellence ScholarshipAustralian International Postgraduate Research ScholarshipMacquarie Univ, Australian Sch Adv, Sydney, NSW 2109, AustraliaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 457069National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 457080National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 604002National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 1024489National Heart Foundation of Australia: G11S5957Australian Research Council: DP110102110Australian Research Council: DP120100920Web of Scienc