Wirth BNF Grammars [retrieved from

Wirth uses his own meta language to define its own syntax (and serve as an example of its use): grammar = { production}. production = identifier "= " expression ".". expression = term { "| " term}. term = factor { factor}. factor = identifier | literal | "( " expression ") " | "[ " expression "] " | "{ " expression "}". literal = """ " character { character} """". The word identifier is used to denote a nonterminal symbol, and literal denotes a terminal symbol. For brevity, identifier and character are not further defined. Repetition is denoted by curly braces, i.e., { a} denotes: empty, a, aa,.... Optionality is expressed by square brackets, i.e., [ a] denotes a or empty. Parentheses merely serve for grouping, i.e., ( a | b) c stands for: a c | b c. Terminal symbols are either literals, i.e., are enclosed in quote marks or are identifiers which do not appear on the left hand side of the metasymbol =. If a quote mark appears a a literal itself, then it is written twice (as is common in many programming languages). As a machine readable form, I have added the following additional properties to Wirth BNF grammars: Each production must start on a new line and may not have leading spaces. Each symbol, whether meta, terminal, or nonterminal, must be separated from all other symbols by spaces, except the terminating period. Productions may be freely continued on a new line; for readability these lines are often indented. Grammars may contain comments, which are lines which begin with a #, followed by a space. The remainder of the line is ignored. Grammars may contain blank lines to improve readability. Note that the spacing permits convenient processing by simple awk scripts

Faites vous-même votre livre numérique au format EPUB

Ce guide élaboré par le Labo BnF explique comment sans connaissances techniques particulières, il est possible de réaliser, à partir d’un document issu d’un logiciel de traitement de texte, un livre numérique au format EPUB 2, lu par la grande majorité des liseuses et des tablettes

Étude sur les usages de la lecture de la bande dessinée numérique

Le Labo BnF, en partenariat avec izneo, plateforme de bande dessinées numériques, a organisé le 14 mai 2014 un sondage qualitatif pour étudier le ressenti des personnes visitant le Labo BnF et collecter leurs remarques sur l’expérience de lecture des BD proposées par la plateforme izneo via ses applications iPad et Android. Ce sondage s’inscrit dans un partenariat global entre la BnF et izneo, échelonné entre décembre 2013 et l’été 2014, ayant conduit les partenaires à mettre en place différentes actions. Ainsi, le Labo BnF a présenté la plateforme izneo sur son comptoir de lecture, donnant accès gratuitement à une sélection d’environ 160 albums. De plus un atelier consacré à la bande dessinée numérique interactive et transmédia a été organisé le 14 janvier 2014. Ce sondage clôturait la collaboration de la BnF et d’izneo sur les questions liées à la bande dessinée numérique. Il a été réalisé dans une optique macro (échantillonnage sur un petit nombre de personnes). Il n’a pas de valeur nationale mais a pour objectif de tirer une tendance des usages de la bande dessinée numérique car il n’existe en France, à ce jour, aucun chiffre de cette nature. Il a été mené conjointement par les équipes d’izneo et celles du labo BnF

Les publics de la BnF - Synthèse de l\u27Observatoire 2020

La Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) a publié le 22 janvier 2022 la synthèse de l’enquête menée par son Observatoire des publics fin 2020. Intitulée « Photo de famille » et basée sur les réponses de 5000 personnes, elle met l’accent sur des publics peu interrogés précédemment, notamment ceux qui ne fréquentent pas les espaces physiques de la BnF

Diversification and desynchronicity: An organizational portfolio perspective on corporate risk reduction

A longstanding objective of managers is to reduce risk to their businesses. The conventional strategy for risk reduction is diversification; however, evidence for the effectiveness of diversification remains inconclusive. According to Organizational Portfolio Analysis, firms are viewed as portfolios of business units, and the key to risk reduction is both diversification and synchronization compensation. This study introduces “desynchronicity”, a process that operationalizes synchronization compensation by assessing the degree of correlation between income streams of business units. Two samples of 737 and 332 firms (from COMPUSTAT) were used to empirically test the relationships between diversification and risk, and desynchronicity and risk. The results show that diversification alone will not always lead to a lower corporate risk. To reduce risk, firms also need to consider the desynchronicity of their business portfolios. Other practical implications include improved decisions on portfolio composition.</jats:p

Risk of adverse events in patients prescribed long‐term opioids: a cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink

Background Long‐term opioid prescribing for musculoskeletal pain is controversial due to uncertainty regarding effectiveness and safety. This study examined the risks of a range of adverse events in a large cohort of patients prescribed long‐term opioids using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Methods Patients with musculoskeletal conditions starting a new long‐term opioid episode (defined as ≥3 opioid prescriptions within 90 days) between 2002 and 2012 were included. Primary outcomes: major trauma and intentional overdose (any). Secondary outcomes: addiction (any), falls, accidental poisoning, attempted suicide/self‐harm, gastrointestinal pathology and bleeding, and iron deficiency anaemia. “Control” outcomes (unrelated to opioid use): incident eczema and psoriasis. Results A total of 98,140 new long‐term opioids users (median age 61, 41% male) were followed for (median) 3.4 years. Major trauma risk increased from 285 per 10,000 person‐years without long‐term opioids to 369/10,000 for a long‐term opioid episode (<20 mg MED), 382/10,000 (20–50 mg MED), and 424/10,000 (≥50 mg MED). Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.09 (95% CI; 1.04, 1.14 for <20 mg MED vs. not being in an episode of long‐term prescribing), 1.24 (95% CI; 1.16, 1.32: 20–50 mg MED) and 1.34 (95% CI; 1.20, 1.50: ≥50 mg MED). Significant dose‐dependent increases in the risk of overdose (any type), addiction, falls, accidental poisoning, gastrointestinal pathology, and iron deficiency anaemia were also found. Conclusions Patients prescribed long‐term opioids are vulnerable to dose‐dependent serious adverse events. Opioid prescribing should be reviewed before long‐term use becomes established, and periodically thereafter to ensure that patients are not being exposed to increased risk of harm, which is not balanced by therapeutic benefit. Significance Long‐term opioid use is associated with serious adverse events such as major trauma, addiction and overdose. The risk increases with higher opioid doses. Opioid prescribing should be reviewed before long‐term use becomes established, and periodically thereafter to assess ongoing effectiveness

The association between benzodiazepines and influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality: a survival analysis using UK Primary Care data

Purpose: Bacterial superinfections, including pneumonia, are frequent complications of influenza-like illness (ILI). Clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that benzodiazepines and Z-drugs may influence susceptibility to infections and mortality. We investigated whether benzodiazepines and zopiclone modify the occurrence of ILI-related pneumonia and mortality. Methods: We obtained data on 804 051 ILI patients from a comprehensive primary care database, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The follow-up period started from the diagnosis of ILI for 30 days. Pneumonia and deaths occurring within the 30-day follow-up period were considered as potentially ‘ILI related’. Exposure to benzodiazepines and zopiclone was determined in the period preceding a diagnosis of ILI with current use defined as a prescription for benzodiazepines in the month prior to ILI diagnosis. Cox regression was used for the analyses. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented. Results: Influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality were noted in 1117 and 707 ILI patients, respectively. Current exposure to benzodiazepines was associated with increased occurrence of both ILI-related pneumonia and mortality (ILI-related pneumonia adjusted HR 4.24, 95%CI [2.27, 7.95]; ILI-related mortality adjusted HR 20.69, 95%CI [15.54, 27.54]). A similar increase in ILI-related mortality but not pneumonia was observed with current zopiclone use (ILI-related mortality adjusted HR 10.86, 95%CI [6.93, 17.02]; ILI-related pneumonia adjusted HR 1.97, 95%CI [0.63, 6.12]). Conclusion: Benzodiazepines may increase the likelihood of pneumonia and mortality related to ILI. A cautionary approach to prescribing benzodiazepine is suggested in people known to be at increased risk of pneumonia or mortality