La matière organique des alternances sel-Marne du salar d'Uyuni (Altiplano, Bolivie) : études géochimiques et palynologiques

Le sondage UA, au centre du salar d'Uyuni, a traversé une alternance de sédiments halitiques et "lacustres" sur plus de 120 m de profondeur. Diverses analyses, géochimiques, palynologiques, pétrographiques et minéralogiques, ont été effectuées afin d'étudier la matière organique présente. Cette MO est peu abondante (COT = 0,4% en moyenne) par rapport à celle des alternances "sel-marne" d'autres séries. Le palynofaciès montre une grande richesse relative en algues planctoniques lacustres, bien que cette MO ne se comporte pas comme un type I : les paramètres de pyrolyse Rock-Eval la rapprochent d'une MO de type II (classiquement observée dans les faciès sapropéliques en domaine marin). (Résumé d'auteur

Multidisciplinary investigation on cold seeps with vigorous gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara (MarsiteCruise): Strategy for site detection and sampling and first scientific outcome

MarsiteCruise was undertaken in October/November 2014 in the Sea of Marmara to gain detailed insight into the fate of fluids migrating within the sedimentary column and partially released into the water column. The overall objective of the project was to achieve a more global understanding of cold-seep dynamics in the context of a major active strike-slip fault. Five remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives were performed at selected areas along the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults. To efficiently detect, select and sample the gas seeps, we applied an original procedure. It combines sequentially (1) the acquisition of ship-borne multibeam acoustic data from the water column prior to each dive to detect gas emission sites and to design the tracks of the ROV dives, (2) in situ and real-time Raman spectroscopy analysis of the gas stream, and (3) onboard determination of molecular and isotopic compositions of the collected gas bubbles. The in situ Raman spectroscopy was used as a decision-making tool to evaluate the need for continuing with the sampling of gases from the discovered seep, or to move to another one. Push cores were gathered to study buried carbonates and pore waters at the surficial sediment, while CTD-Rosette allowed collecting samples to measure dissolved-methane concentration within the water column followed by a comparison with measurements from samples collected with the submersible Nautile during the Marnaut cruise in 2007. Overall, the visited sites were characterized by a wide diversity of seeps. CO2- and oil-rich seeps were found at the westernmost part of the sea in the Tekirdag Basin, while amphipods, anemones and coral populated the sites visited at the easternmost part in the Cinarcik Basin. Methane-derived authigenic carbonates and bacterial mats were widespread on the seafloor at all sites with variable size and distributions. The measured methane concentrations in the water column were up to 377 μmol, and the dissolved pore-water profiles indicated the occurrence of sulfate depleting processes accompanied with carbonate precipitation. The pore-water profiles display evidence of biogeochemical transformations leading to the fast depletion of seawater sulfate within the first 25-cm depth of the sediment. These results show that the North Anatolian Fault and inherited faults are important migration paths for fluids for which a significant part is discharged into the water column, contributing to the increase of methane concentration at the bottom seawater and favoring the development of specific ecosystems

Latest Miocene restriction of the Mediterranean Outflow Water:a perspective from the Gulf of Cádiz

The Mediterranean-Atlantic water mass exchange provides the ideal setting for deciphering the role of gateway evolution in ocean circulation. However, the dynamics of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) during the closure of the Late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic gateways are poorly understood. Here, we define the sedimentary evolution of Neogene basins from the Gulf of Cádiz to the West Iberian margin to investigate MOW circulation during the latest Miocene. Seismic interpretation highlights a middle to upper Messinian seismic unit of transparent facies, whose base predates the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). Its facies and distribution imply a predominantly hemipelagic environment along the Atlantic margins, suggesting an absence or intermittence of MOW preceding evaporite precipitation in the Mediterranean, simultaneous to progressive gateway restriction. The removal of MOW from the Mediterranean-Atlantic water mass exchange reorganized the Atlantic water masses and is correlated to a severe weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and a period of further cooling in the North Atlantic during the latest Miocene

Les évaporites: matériaux singuliers, milieux extrèmes.

Les évaporites présentent un double intérêt scientifique et économique qui explique l'importance accordée à leur étude.On appelle « évaporites » certains dépôts de sédiments géologiques qui se sont effectués dans des milieux très particuliers : ce qui reste résulte d'une évaporation. Le sel gemme utilisé dans l'alimentation en fournit un exemple, de même que tous les autres sels qui donnent notamment les réserves de potasse, ou encore le gypse dont on fait le plâtre. Ces matériaux présentent d'autres avantages comme le stockage souterrain d'hydrocarbures et de déchets radioactifs... Mais là ne s'arrête pas leur intérêt économique car ils servent aussi de couverture à des dépôts pétroliers, constituent des ressources en produits chimiques exploités par l'industrie (lithium pour la pharmacie, borates pour les détergents, etc.)

Carbonate Diagenesis Related to Methane-rich Fluid Migration on Continental Margins : Example of the Dolomite Concretions in the Neogene Marls of South-East Spain.

International audienceThe Tortonian, Messinian and lower Pliocene marly sediments in S.E. Spain basins (Fortuna, Murcia, Lorca, Aledo, Huercal Overa, Vera) contain abundant authigenic dolomite concretions. The concretions are essentially composed of pure dolomite with a composition from stoichiometry to iron-rich. The oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of these dolomites exhibit wide ranges (-7.9 < δ18O‰ VPDB < +6.3; -35.5 < δ13C‰ VPDB < +9.8) indicating that carbonate precipitation occurred within the marly sediments due to circulation of fluids of various composition. The low δ18O values indicate that relatively warm fluids were migrating through faults system whereas the high δ18O values characterize either restricted evaporitic conditions or 18O-rich water issued from clay minerals dehydration or gas hydrates dissociation. The low δ13C values are indicative of anaerobic oxidation of methane whereas the high δ13C values are related to methanogenesis, both processes promoting the increase of alkalinity in pore solutions and thus leading to carbonate precipitation. High methane concentrations in the migrating fluids are thought to have created locally gas hydrate reservoirs that were dissociated after the abrupt sea level fall during the Messinian salinity crisis. Finally, the methane-rich fluid seepage was always active during the Pliocene in the Vera basin, which was the only one in SE Spain reflooded by the Pliocene marine waters.The authigenic dolomite concretions are testifying of intense methane-rich fluid migration through faulting and fracturing of the sedimentary deposits that was active during a long period of at least 7 Myrs, where tectonic uplift and major paleoenvironmental changes occurred in the Mediterranean sea

Simulation de la sédimentation dans un bassin évaporitique à niveau d'eau sous influence eustatique. Application au bassin paléogène de Mulhouse (Alsace, France) Simulation of Sedimentation in an Evaporitic Basin At Water Level under Eustatic Influence. Application to the Paleogene Mulhouse Basin (Alsace, France)

Le programme SIMSALT permet, à partir de fonctions sinusoïdales simulant des variations climatiques et eustatiques, de modéliser la sédimentation dans une maille élémentaire d'un bassin évaporitique en communication restreinte permanente avec l'océan, les arrivées d'eau marine se faisant par l'intermédiaire d'un seuil topographique. En fonction des salinités calculées, le programme détermine s'il y a précipitation de sels ainsi que les épaisseurs sédimentées. Les principaux résultats fournis sont représentés par des colonnes lithologiques en fonction des épaisseurs cumulées et en fonction du temps. Ce programme renferme également un module permettant de tester des fonctions simulant la production-dégradation de la matière organique. Ce modèle a été appliqué à une partie de la série évaporitique d'âge Eocène supérieur - Oligocène inférieur du bassin de Mulhouse. L'application du modèle aux cyclothèmes carottés du sondage Max montre que la sédimentation évaporitique et organique peut être contrôlée principalement par des variations climatiques résultant de la somme de trois sinusoïdes, respectivement de période de l'ordre de 13000, 500 et 100 ans, associées à des variations eustatiques de période 13000 ans déphasées par rapport aux variations climatiques de même période. Avec le modèle SIMSALT, il est donc possible de reconnaitre les influences respectives de l'eustatisme et du climat sur la sédimenation évaporitique et organique dans un bassin en communication restreinte avec le domaine marin. <br> The SIMSALT program takes sinusoidal functions simulating climatic and eustatic variations and uses them to model sedimentation in an elementary mesh of an evaporitic basin in permanent restricted communication with the ocean, with arrivals of seawater being determined via a topographic threshold (Fig. 1). For this, the mesh is assumed to be made up of several superposed elements (Fig. 2, i. e. a lower body of salt water (salt saturated), an upper body of salt water (with varying salinity) and sometimes at the surface a body of low-salt water linked to the supply of continental water. The lower body of salt water, called captive brine , is defined as the water layer underneath the threshold. Its height during time depends on the difference between the depth of the sediments deposited and the subsidence. We will assume that the depth of the basin (and hence the subsidence) is always sufficient for the captive brineto be able to exist. The upper body of salt water, called active body of water , is defined as the salt water layer located topographically above the threshold. It is in communication with the transfer zone or the open marine domain/basin . Its height during time thus depends on eustatic variations. The body of low-salt water corresponds to a body of pellicular water whose existence is defined by the presence or absence of influxes of fresh continental water in the mesh. On the scale of the basin, this body of low-salt water has a geographic extension that is governed by the regional hydrologic balance (influxes of continental water and evaporation). It may not exist at the level of the mesh considered, and its presence at the top is linked to the very strong contrast of density between the low-salt water and the underlying brines. In the model, sedimentation as a function of time is governed by the alternating passage of the regional hydrologic balance between the two states:(a) State 1 ( dryperiod) in which the volume of continental water supplied to the top of the mesh is lower than the volume of water evaporated. There is no body of low-salt water, and sedimentation is evaporitic. (b) State 2 ( wetperiod) in which the volume of continental water supplied to the top of the mesh is greater than the volume of water evaporated. A body of low-salt water exists at the top of the mesh, and sedimentation is shaly. The duration of each stateand the regional hydrologic balance during the two types of sedimentation are governed by the sums of sinusoidal functions. The program computes the contents of calcium sulfate, sodium chloride and potassium in the water in the mesh as a function of the hydrologic deficit or excess. Depending on the salinities computed, the program determines whether salts were precipitated as well as the sedimented thicknesses. The main results obtained are represented by lithologic columns as a function of the cumulative thicknesses and of time. This program also includes a module for testing the functions simulating the production-degradation of organic matter. The distribution and origin of organic matter depend on variations in organic production, on the rate of degradation of the organic matter and on its dilution by sedimentary influxes and chemical precipitates. By checking the lithology, the model can be used to determine the climatic and eustatic factors compatible with the sedimentary recording. It thus gives access to accumulation rates. When these rates are known, it thus becomes possible to test the validity of the assumed relations between productivity, degradation, climate and eustatism by comparing the results provided by the model with geochemical data. This model has been applied to part of the Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene evaporitic series in the Mulhouse basin (France, Fig. 3). This part of the series (Sel IV-Sel V) corresponds to a succession of cyclothems formed by an alternation of sometimes potassic halite beds and argillo-anhydritic beds (Fig. 4). These beds were themselves formed by an alternation of evaporitic and shaly horizons. The organic matter, which is present solely in the shaly horizons, reveals a rhythmic vertical evolution (Fig. 5). The applications of the model to cored cyclothems from the Max borehole shows that evaporitic sedimentation can be controlled (Figs. 7-8) by :(a) Climatic variations resulting from the sum of three sine curves with respective periods of 13,000, 500 and 100 years. (b) Eustatic variations with a period of 13,000 years, out-of-phase in relation to climatic variations having the same period. (c) Variations having a longer period (about 26,000 years), which can be used to account for the vertical evolution of the cyclothems. To the scale of Sel IV and Sel V, a drift for the eustatic function must be added, corresponding to the regressive evolution of a third-order sequence, as well as a climatic drift to account for the evolution of the climate during the Oligocene. Tests performed on the organic productions corresponding to the cored interval show (Figs. 10-11) that :(a) High organic-matter production could have existed only during State 2. (b) The volume of continental organic matter is proportional to the influxes of fresh water. (c) The production of phytoplanktonic organic matter is limited to the fresh-water bodies and to the active-water bodies (which are situated in the euphotic zone). (d) Phytoplanktonic production in the active-water body depends on eustatic variations and on influxes of fresh water. (e) Production of bacterial origin is mainly situated in the two bodies of salt water and remains slight. With the SIMSALT model, it is thus possible to recognize the respective influences of eustatism and climate on evaporitic and organic sedimentation in a basin in limited communication with the marine domain