An overview on microspheres

Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems which are prepared to obtain prolonged or controlled drug delivery to improve bioavailability, stability and to target the drug to specific site at a predetermined rate. They are made from polymeric waxy or other protective materials such as natural, semi synthetic and synthetic polymers. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders having particle size ranging from 1-1000 μm consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers. . The present review highlights various types of microspheres, different methods of preparation, its applications and also various parameters to evaluate their efficiency. Microspheres are various types like Bioadhesive microspheres, Magnetic microspheres, Floating microspheres, Radioactive microspheres, Polymeric microspheres, Biodegradable polymeric microspheres, Synthetic polymeric microspheres and are prepared by methods like Spray Drying, Solvent Evaporation, Single emulsion technique, Double emulsion technique, Phase separation coacervation technique, Spray drying and spray congealing, Solvent extraction. Microspheres have wide range of applications because of controlled and sustained release. This article also focuses on the various drugs that can be formulated into microspheres for controlled and sustained release

Konstruksi Persegi Ajaib dengan Entri Bilangan Bulat

Persegi ajaib adalah kotak-kotak persegi berisi bilangan berbeda yang disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga jumlah bilangan-bilangan pada baris, kolom, dan diagonal adalah sama. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pola dan algoritma untuk menyusun persegi ajaib berukuran m x m dari rangkaian m^2 bilangan bulat berurutan. Konstruksi algoritma dibagi menjadi tiga kasus, yaitu: algoritma persegi ajaib ordo ganjil (2j + 1) x (2j + 1), algoritma persegi ajaib ordo genap (4j) x (4j), dan algoritma persegi ajaib ordo genap (4j + 2) x (4j + 2) dengan j = 1, 2, ..., m

Biomimetic Composite Scaffold With Phosphoserine Signaling for Bone Tissue Engineering Application

In guided bone tissue engineering, successful ingrowth of MSCs depends primarily on the nature of the scaffold. It is well-known that only seconds after implantation, biomaterials are coated by a layer of adsorbed proteins/peptides which modulates the subsequent cell/scaffold interactions, especially at early times after implantation. In this work, nanohydroxyapatite and collagen based composite materials (Coll/nanoHA) were modified with phosphorylated amino acid (O-phospho-L-serine–OPS) to mimic bone tissue, and induce cell differentiation. The choice for this phosphorylated amino acid is due to the fact that osteopontin is a serine-rich glycol-phosphoprotein and has been associated to the early stages of bone formation, and regeneration. Several concentrations of OPS were added to the Coll/nanoHA scaffold and physico-chemical, mechanical, and in vitro cell behavior were evaluated. Afterwards, the composite scaffold with stronger mechanical and best cellular behavior was tested in vivo, with or without previous in vitro culture of human MSC's (bone tissue engineering). The OPS signaling of the biocomposite scaffolds showed similar cellular adhesion and proliferation, but higher ALP enzyme activity (HBMSC). In vivo bone ectopic formation studies allowed for a thorough evaluation of the materials for MSC's osteogenic differentiation. The OPS-scaffolds results showed that the material could modulated mesenchymal cells behavior in favor of osteogenic differentiation into late osteoblasts that gave raised to their ECM with human bone proteins (osteopontin) and calcium deposits. Finally, OPS-modified scaffolds enhanced cell survival, engraftment, migration, and spatial distribution within the 3D matrix that could be used as a cell-loaded scaffold for tissue engineering applications and accelerate bone regeneration processes.This article is a result of the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). In addition, it was supported by Portuguese funds through FCT/MCTES in the framework of the project UID/BIM/04293/2019 and Christiane Salgado contract (DL 57/2016/CP1360/CT0001). Microscopy imaging was performed at the Bioimaging Center for Biomaterials and Regenerative Therapies (b.IMAGE) with the assistance of Maria L?zaro at i3S. The authors also thank Paula Magalh?es and T?nia Meireles (CCGEN), Rossana Correia (HEMS), Cl?udia Machado (i3S), Rui Rocha (CEMUP), Paula Sampaio (ALM) and Lu?s Carlos Matos (FEUP) for the assistance in this work. FT-IR was performed at the Biointerfaces and Nanotechnology (BN) core facility (i3S) with the assistance of Ricardo Vidal. We also thank FLUIDINOVA, S.A for the provision of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoXIM.HAp202)

Pattern Generation for Three Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem

We consider the problem of three-dimensional cutting of a large block that is to be cut into some small block pieces, each with a specific size and request. Pattern generation is an algorithm that has been used to determine cutting patterns in one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems. The purpose of this study is to modify the pattern generation algorithm so that it can be used in three-dimensional problems, and can determine the cutting pattern with the minimum possible cutting residue. The large block will be cut based on the length, width, and height. The rest of the cuts will be cut back if possible to minimize the rest. For three-dimensional problems, we consider the variant in which orthogonal rotation is allowed. By allowing the remainder of the initial cut to be rotated, the dimensions will have six permutations. The result of the calculation using the pattern generation algorithm for three-dimensional problems is that all possible cutting patterns are obtained but there are repetitive patterns because they suggest the same number of cuts.

Application of Recursive Algorithm on Shamir's Scheme Reconstruction for Cheating Detection and Identification

Information data protection is necessary to ward off and overcome various fraud attacks that may be encountered. A secret sharing scheme that implements cryptographic methods intends to maintain the security of confidential data by a group of trusted parties is the answer. In this paper, we choose the application of recursive algorithm on Shamir-based linear scheme as the primary method. In the secret reconstruction stage and since the beginning of the share distribution stage, these algorithms have been integrated by relying on a detection parameter to ensure that the secret value sought is valid. Although the obtained scheme will be much simpler because it utilizes the Vandermonde matrix structure, the security aspect of this scheme is not reduced. Indeed, it is supported by two detection parameters formulated from a recursive algorithm to detect cheating and identify the cheater(s). Therefore, this scheme is guaranteed to be unconditionally secure and has a high time efficiency (polynomial running time)

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