The new development banks : conflicting independence or strategic partnerships?

A criação de dois novos bancos de desenvolvimento - o NDB e o AIIB - tem motivado um debate sobre se eles afetarão o funcionamento dos bancos de desenvolvimento existentes e se eles contribuirão para estimular o desenvolvimento econômico em países de baixa renda. Este artigo mostra algumas diferenças entre as duas novas instituições, apresenta algumas estimativas do seu crescimento potencial num futuro próximo e argumenta que é muito provável que os dois bancos - por razões técnicas e financeiras - trabalhem em conjunto com os bancos de desenvolvimento existentes, em vez de competir com eles.The creation of two new development banks - the NDB and the AIIB - has motivated a debate as to whether they will affect the working of the existing development banks, and to whether they will contribute do foster economic development in low income countries. This article shows some differences between the two new institutions, present some estimate of their potential growth in the near future and argues that it is very likely that the two banks will - for both technical and financial reasons - work together with the existing development banks, rather than compete with them

Brazil in the 1990s: an economy in transition

Includes bibliograph

Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian exports : is the regional market really a source of learning?

In some Latin American countries the exporting activity starts at a regional level, with producers only later venturing into more competitive markets. The implicit risk is that a country might never progress from the regional stage to a more global market. This article compares the experiences of Brazil, China and India. It is shown that Brazil relied on the regional market far more intensely than these Asian countries. There were clear gains accruing to China and India for having exploited more sophisticated markets from the very beginning of their export drive

Brasil en los años noventa: una economía en transición

Incluye Bibliografí

Exporting and the saga for competitiveness of Brazilian industry: 1992

Includes bibliograph

Evolution of Cd2+ and Cu+ binding in <i>Helix pomatia</i> metallothioneins

Metallothioneins (MTs) are small proteins present in all kingdoms of life. Their high cysteine content enables them to bind metal ions, such as Zn2+, Cd2+, and Cu+, providing means for detoxification and metal homeostasis. Three MT isoforms with distinct metal binding preferences are present in the Roman Snail Helix pomatia. Here, we use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to follow the evolution of Cd2+ and Cu+ binding from the reconstructed ancestral Stylommatophora MT to the three H. pomatia MT (HpMT) isoforms. Information obtained from [15N,1H]-HSQC spectra and T2 relaxation times are combined to describe the conformational stability of the MT-metal complexes. A well-behaved MT-metal complex adopts a unique structure and does not undergo additional conformational exchange. The ancestor to all three HpMTs forms conformationally stable Cd2+ complexes and closely resembles the Cd2+-specific HpCdMT isoform, suggesting a role in Cd2+ detoxification for the ancestral protein. All Cu+-MT complexes, including the Cu+-specific HpCuMT isoform, undergo a considerable amount of conformational exchange. The unspecific HpCd/CuMT and the Cu+-specific HpCuMT isoforms form Cu+ complexes with comparable characteristics. It is possible to follow how Cd2+ and Cu+ binding changed throughout evolution. Interestingly, Cu+ binding improved independently in the lineages leading to the unspecific and the Cu+-specific HpMT isoforms. C-terminal domains are generally less capable of coordinating the non-cognate metal ion than N-terminal domains, indicating a higher level of specialization of the C-domain. Our findings provide new insights into snail MT evolution, helping to understand the interplay between biological function and structural features toward a comprehensive understanding of metal preference

Os desafios da exportação

Inclui bibliografia: p. 129-130 e notas

Exportações industriais e sua importância para a formação da poupança e do fluxo de renda internos

A economia brasileira é frequentemente citada como um caso bem-sucedido de promoção de exportações