51 research outputs found

    Amyloidogenesis of proteolytic fragments of human elastin

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    Some polypeptides encoded by the C-terminal region of human tropoelastin gene have been demonstrated to be amyloidogenic in vitro. The biological relevance of this finding is still under investigation given that only limited evidence concerning the involvement of elastin in amyloidosis exists. Recent studies identified, by mass spectrometry, several elastin fragments produced from the cleavages made by some elastases in human elastin substrate. Some of these fragments are contained into the same polypeptide sequences previously demonstrated to be amyloidogenic. Our hypothesis is that the upregulation of elastases in inflammatory processes triggered, for example, by aging induces the release of elastin fragments potentially amyloidogenic. Therefore our aim in this study is to demonstrate if any of these fragments is amyloidogenic in vitro. At molecular level, CD, NMR, FTIR spectroscopies and MD simulations were used, while, at supramolecular level, Congo red binding assay and ThT fluorescence spectroscopy complemented with AFM microscopy were carried out. Our results show that the longest peptide, among those synthesized and mimicking the elastin fragments produced by elastases on human elastin, constituted of 22 residues, is able to aggregate into amyloid-like fibres. These findings support the hypothesis of amyloidogenesis of proteolytic fragments of elastin

    Logistik: Hur pÄverkar Just-In-Time pÄ lönsamheten av ett företag?

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    Ett företag har som grunduppgift att hÄllas verksamt genom att ekonomiskt prestera bÀttre för varje Är. Logistik Àr det verksamhetsomrÄde som stÄr för majoriteten av ett företags kostnader. Kostnader i sig Àr en dÄlig sak för företag, men det Àr Àven en möjlighet för logistiken att sÀnka dessa kostnader, vilket i sin tur Àr bra för företagets lön-samhet. Just-In-Time (JIT) Àr en produktions- och styrfilosofi inom logistiken, dÀr det huvudsakliga mÄlet Àr att minska lagernivÄerna och att eliminera allt onödigt. Syftet med denna studie Àr att finna ett samband mellan JIT och lönsamhet ur ett logistiskt perspektiv. Vid studien anvÀnds DuPont-modellen som definition av lönsamhet samt som ett jÀmförelseverktyg dÀr sex olika finansiella faktorer mÀts. Metoden för studien Àr kvalitativ i form av en litteraturstudie. Materialet som analyseras hÀmtas endast frÄn Arcadas databaser och analysen av materialet sker i form av innehÄllsanalys. Resultaten av materialet som analyserades Àr vÀldigt blandat. MÄnga studier pÄpekar att det rÄder brist pÄ forskning inom detta ÀmnesomrÄdet, vilket Àven kan vara orsaken till dessa blandade resultat. Det gÄr dock att urskilja tre finansiella mÄtt frÄn DuPont-modellen som pÄver-kas positivt av JIT. Dessa Àr: intÀkter, kostnader och lager. Ingen studie visade att JIT skulle ha negativ inverkan pÄ ett företags lönsamhet. Andra intressanta faktorer som JIT hade en positiv inverkan pÄ Àr operativa prestanda, t.ex. minskade ledtider

    Croissance de nanofils métalliques en présence d'une pointe et étude des propriétés physiques associées

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    Rapporteurs: Stefan BLUGEL, Professeur Ă  l'IFF KFA (JĂŒlich, Allemagne) Cyrille BARRETEAU, IngĂ©nieur-Chercheur CEA (Saclay) Autres membres du jury: Peter ZEPPENFELD, Professeur l'UniversitĂ© de Linz (Autriche) Guy TREGLIA, Directeur de Recherche au CRMCN-CNRS (Marseille) Christophe RAMSEYER, Professeur Ă  l'UniversitĂ© de Franche-ComtĂ© Claude GIRARDET, Professeur Ă  l'UniversitĂ© de Franche-ComtĂ©This PhD concerns the growth and the study of physical properties of nanometric structures that can be obtained on stepped surfaces. Previous experimental and theoretical studies showed that with self-organized methods it is possible to obtain a large number of nanostructures, but in general the quality of the nanowires depends strongly on the preparation and on the deposition statistic. The original idea of this work consist in assisting the growth using a STM tip. In order to characterize the specific properties of the structures, it is necessary to describe the substrate and its interactions with the adsorbates very precisely. The DFT code FLEUR is used to characterize energetically and structurally different platinum surfaces. In the continuity of this work, the determination of magnetic properties associated with Co chain (free or supported on vicinal Pt surfaces) is investigated. In the first part, a study related to growth phenomenon conducted numerically with a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model is presented. In the case of the Xe/Cu(110) system, we show that the presence of a fixed STM tip, depending on its height relative to the substrate can locally modify the atomic diffusion and allow the measure of diffusion coefficients related to the motions of the atoms. In a more general frame, it was shown that it is possible to improve the profile of nanowire deposited on vicinal surfaces using a moving STM tip in a repulsive or in an attractive mode. The perfection of the wires depends on the number, the type of the sweepings and also on the considerered temperature range. Then, the electronic properties of platinum surfaces were investigated. After the study of the three flat platinum surfaces namely (111), (100) and (110) surfaces, we focused on the (233) vicinal surface. This one presents the same geometry as the steps of the experimental Pt(997) surfaces. Surface energies, step energies, local density of states or bandstructures have been calculated. The calculations of STM pictures were done in order to interpret the STM pictures of the Pt(997) surface obtained at the EPFL (Lausanne, team of K. Kern and H. Brune). Neither the relaxation (internal) nor the local density of states near the step edge can explain the protusion observed at this location on some of the experimental images. But, this does not mean that our calculations are wrong. The protusion can be due to the experimental set up which does not follow fast enough in time the evolution of the LDOS. A second application of the calculation of STM pictures is relative to the adsorption of Ir atoms on a Ir(111) substrate. FLAPW calculations and the experiments of Thomas Michely's team show that the tip can distinguish unequivocally two different stackings (hcp or fcc) of comparable energie but with different density of states around the Fermi level. Finally, the study of the magnetic properties of Co nanowires unsupported or adsorbed at the foot of Pt step edges is approached. For the unsupported system, the magnetic moment of the cobalt atom decreases from 3 uB in the case of an isolated atom to 2.33 uB for the chain, 2.09 uB for the monolayer and 1.65 uB in the bulk. Calculations were also conducted on periodic arrays of Co wires supported on Pt(233) and eventually relaxed systems. It is shown that the influence of the substrate on the magnetic moment of the Co atom is not very big. On the other hand, a strong quenching of the orbital moments is observed. The magnetic and orbitals moments are equal respectively to 2.105 uB and [0.058-0.091] uB depending on the orientation of the spin quantization axis. The determination of the magnetic anisotropy shows that the easy axis is along the chain direction when the system is not relaxed. Only the relaxation can explain the fact that the easy axis goes out of the chain axis.Le travail de cette thĂšse concerne la croissance et l'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques de structures nanomĂ©triques susceptibles de se former sur des surfaces Ă  marches. De prĂ©cĂ©dentes Ă©tudes tant expĂ©rimentales que thĂ©oriques ont montrĂ© que mĂȘme si les mĂ©thodes de croissances auto organisĂ©es permettent d'obtenir un grand nombre de nanostructures, la qualitĂ© des fils est trĂšs dĂ©pendante des conditions de prĂ©paration et de la statistique du dĂ©pĂŽt. L'idĂ©e originale de ce travail consiste Ă  assister la croissance en utilisant une pointe de microscope STM. Afin de caractĂ©riser les propriĂ©tĂ©s spĂ©cifiques des structures alors formĂ©es, il convient d'avoir prĂ©alablement dĂ©crit de façon exhaustive le substrat et son interaction avec les atomes adsorbĂ©s. Le code de calcul DFT FLEUR est utilisĂ© afin de caractĂ©riser diverses surfaces de platine tant du point de vue structurel qu'Ă©nergĂ©tique. Dans le prolongement de ce travail, nous abordons Ă©galement la caractĂ©risation de propriĂ©tĂ©s magnĂ©tiques de chaines de cobalt non supportĂ©es ou bien dĂ©posĂ©es sur des surfaces de platine vicinales. Dans la premiĂšre partie, nous prĂ©sentons une Ă©tude concernant des phĂ©nomĂšnes de croissance menĂ©e numĂ©riquement Ă  l'aide d'un modĂšle KMC (Kinetic Monte Carlo). Pour le systĂšme Xe/Cu(110), nous montrons que la prĂ©sence d'une pointe STM fixe peut, suivant la hauteur Ă  laquelle elle est placĂ©e au dessus de la surface modifier localement la diffusion des adatomes et Ă©galement permettre la mesure des coefficients de diffusion caractĂ©ristiques du dĂ©placement des atomes. Nous nous sommes ensuite placĂ©s dans un cadre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral et nous avons montrĂ© qu'il est possible d'amĂ©liorer les profils de nanofils dĂ©posĂ©s sur des surfaces vicinales Ă  l'aide d'une pointe STM mobile utilisĂ©e en mode rĂ©pulsif ou attractif. La perfection du fil est fonction du nombre et du type de balayages effectuĂ©s, ainsi que de l'intervalle de tempĂ©rature considĂ©rĂ©. Nous nous sommes ensuite intĂ©ressĂ©s aux propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectroniques des surfaces de platine. AprĂšs avoir considĂ©rĂ© en premier lieu les trois surfaces plates classiques (111), (100) et (110) notre attention s'est portĂ©e sur une surface vicinale (233) prĂ©sentant la mĂȘme gĂ©omĂ©trie de marche que la surface expĂ©rimentale (997) mais possĂ©dant une largeur de terrasses infĂ©rieure. Nous avons menĂ© des calculs d'Ă©nergie de surface ou de marche, de densitĂ© d'Ă©tats, ou encore de structures de bande. Les calculs des images STM ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s pour interprĂ©ter les images STM de la surface Pt(997) obtenues Ă  l'EPFL (Lausanne, Ă©quipe de K. Kern et H. Brune). Ni la relaxation (vers l'intĂ©rieur), ni la densitĂ© d'Ă©tat locale au voisinage de la marche ne permettent de comprendre la protubĂ©rance observĂ©e Ă  cet endroit sur certains clichĂ©s expĂ©rimentaux. Ceci ne veut pas pour autant dire que nos calculs sont erronĂ©s. La protubĂ©rance observĂ©e peut ĂȘtre due Ă  une erreur expĂ©rimentale et notamment au temps de rĂ©ponse de la pointe. Une deuxiĂšme application du calcul d'images STM est relative Ă  l'adsorption d'atomes d'Iridium sur un substrat (111) de mĂȘme espĂšce. Les calculs FLAPW et les expĂ©riences du groupe de T. Michely (RWTH, Aachen) montrent sans ambiguĂŻtĂ© que la pointe peut distinguer deux types d'empilements (hcp et fcc) d'Ă©nergie comparable mais prĂ©sentant des densitĂ©s d'Ă©tats diffĂ©rentes au niveau de Fermi. Pour finir, l'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s magnĂ©tiques de nanofils de cobalt non supportĂ©s ou adsorbĂ©s au pied des marches de platine est abordĂ©e. Pour le systĂšme non supportĂ©, le moment magnĂ©tique passe de 3 uB pour l'atome de cobalt isolĂ©, Ă  2.33 uB pour la chaĂźne, Ă  2.09 uB pour la monocouche et 1.65 uB pour le volume. Le calcul a ensuite Ă©tĂ© fait pour une succession pĂ©riodique de fils de cobalt supportĂ©s par le platine (233) et relaxĂ©s. Les calculs montrent que le substrat a peu d'influence sur le moment de spin. Par contre, on observe un blocage fort du moment magnĂ©tique orbital par le champ cristallin crĂ©Ă© par les atomes de platine. Les moments magnĂ©tiques de spin et orbital sont Ă©gaux respectivement Ă  2.105 uB et [0.058-0.091]uB selon la direction de l'aimantation. Le calcul de l'anisotropie magnĂ©tique semble montrer que l'axe de facile aimantation est dirigĂ© selon les fils lorsque le systĂšme n'est pas relaxĂ©. Seule la relaxation permet d'expliquer le fait que l'axe de facile aimantation sort de la chaĂźne

    FigureS1

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    Ki calculation. Ki were calculated with increasing concentrations of SLRPs (1, 10, 100 nM). The Ki were calculated by fitting the MMP-14 activity to the Morrison’s equation.</p

    FigureS2

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     MMP-2 activity assay. The effect of biglycan (BGN), decorin (DCN), fibromodulin (FMOD), and lumican (LUM) on recombinant MMP-2 activity was measured with increasing concentrations of SLRPs (1, 10, 100 nM) as described in the Materials and Methods section. Data are presented as mean values ± SD from two independent experiments.  </p

    Atomic diffusion inside a STM junction: simulations by kinetic Monte Carlo coupled to tunneling current calculations

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    International audienceThe influence of a static scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip on the diffusion of xenon atoms adsorbed on a Cu(1 1 0) stepped surface is studied. Semi-empirical potentials for the Xe–surface interaction and a N-body energy based method for the Xe–tip contribution are used to calculate the adsorption energy of adsorbates in the STM junction. First, we analyse the variation of this energy when the adatom is placed near a step edge and for different tip positions. When the tip is situated in the neighbourhood of the step edge, the Ehrlich–Schwoebel barrier experienced by the adatom is lowered. This opens a specific diffusion channel, allowing a possible crossing of the step edge. Second, through a kinetic Monte Carlo approach coupled to the elastic scattering quantum chemistry method, the noisy tunneling current created by the random motion of diffusing atoms in the vicinity of the tip can be analyzed. We show that, by counting the number of diffusion events, we can determine effective barriers related to the most dominant processes contributing to the diffusion at a particular temperature. We also demonstrate that the interaction mode of the tip (attractive or imaging) greatly modifies the diffusion processes

    The Alternative RelB NF-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">k</span>B Subunit Exerts a Critical Survival Function upon Metabolic Stress in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma-Derived Cells

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    Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults and reveals distinct genetic and metabolic signatures. NF-ÎșB transcription factor family is involved in diverse biological processes enabling tumor development and resistance to anticancer-therapy through activation of its two main pathways, the canonical and the alternative NF-ÎșB pathways, the main actor of the latter being the RelB NF-kB subunit. RelB DNA binding activity is frequently activated in DLBCL patients and cell lines. RelB activation defines a new DLBCL subgroup with dismal outcome upon immunochemotherapy, and RelB confers DLBCL cell resistance to DNA damage. However, whether RelB can impact on DLBCL cell metabolism and survival upon metabolic stress is unknown. Here, we reveal that RelB controls DLBCL oxidative energetic metabolism. Accordingly, RelB inhibition reduce DLBCL mitochondrial ATP production, and sensitizes DLBCL cells to apoptosis induced by Metformin and L-asparaginase (ÂźKidrolase), two FDA approved antimetabolic drugs targeting mitochondrial metabolism. RelB also confers DLBCL cell resistance to glutamine deprivation, an essential amino acid that feeds the TCA cycle. Taken together, our findings uncover a new role for RelB in the regulation of DLBCL cell metabolism and DLBCL cell survival upon metabolic stress

    Mesoscopic Rigid Body Modelling of the Extracellular Matrix Self-Assembly

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    The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in supporting tissues and organs. It even has a functional role in morphogenesis and differentiation by acting as a source of active molecules (matrikines). Many diseases are linked to dysfunction of ECM components and fragments or changes in their structures. As such it is a prime target for drugs. Because of technological limitations for observations at mesoscopic scales, the precise structural organisation of the ECM is not well-known, with sparse or fuzzy experimental observables. Based on the Unity3D game and physics engines, along with rigid body dynamics, we propose a virtual sandbox to model large biological molecules as dynamic chains of rigid bodies interacting together to gain insight into ECM components behaviour in the mesoscopic range. We have preliminary results showing how parameters such as fibre flexibility or the nature and number of interactions between molecules can induce different structures in the basement membrane. Using the Unity3D game engine and virtual reality headset coupled with haptic controllers, we immerse the user inside the corresponding simulation. Untrained users are able to navigate a complex virtual sandbox crowded with large biomolecules models in a matter of seconds
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