Experimental investigation of the blade/seal interaction

International audienceThe use of dynamic seals to reduce the rotor/stator dynamic clearance in jet engine compressor stages leads to a higher rubbing occurrence between each blade and the coated inside of the casing. This article describes the development of a test rig capable to investigate forces and wear at the dynamic blade/seal interaction, in conjunction with blade kinetics. Testing conditions are consistent with those of low-pressure compressor stages of jet engines: high-speed rubbing occurs between a TA6V blade substitute and an aluminium-silicon/boron nitride abradable seal. The platform is instrumented to allow a dynamic measurement of forces and displacements as well as high-speed imaging of the blade/seal interaction zone throughout the experiment. The experiments showed that the blade incursion speed and penetration depth in the abradable seal both affect the amplitude and frequency of blade vibration. The amount and severity of blade incursions into the abradable seal have an impact on seal wear type and intensity, which can in turn increase blade excitation

Elastically Graded Titanium Alloy Produced by Mechanical Surface Deformation

The objective of this study was to develop a thermo-mechanical strategy to create a radial elasticity gradient in a β metastable Ti-Nb-Zr alloy, and to characterize it in terms of microstructural and mechanical properties. A first investigation was conducted on thin samples of Ti-20Nb-6Zr (at.%) submitted to various thermo-mechanical treatments. Microstructure-properties relationships and elastic variability of this alloy were determined performing uniaxial tensile tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Based on these preliminary results, mechanical deformation was identified as a potential way to lower the elastic modulus of the alloy. In order to create elastically graded pieces, shot-peening was therefore carried out on thicker samples to engender surface deformation. In this second part of the work, local mechanical properties were evaluated by instrumented micro-indentation. Experimental observations demonstrated that shot-peening enabled to locally induce martensitic transformation on surface, and a decrease in indentation elastic modulus from 85 to 65 GPa over 400 μm was highlighted. Surface deformation proved to be an efficient way of creating an elasticity gradient in β metastable titanium alloys. This combination of material and process could be suitable to produce dental implants with mechanically enhanced biocompatibility

Radiation-induced reduction-polymerization route for the synthesis of PEDOT conducting polymers

Synthesis of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, is achieved through an original reduction-polymerization route: γ-radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing EDOT monomers under N2 atmosphere. According to UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, reduction of EDOT is initiated by hydrated electrons produced by water radiolysis and leads to PEDOT polymers through coupling reactions. The morphology of PEDOT is characterized by Cryo- TEM microscopy in aqueous solution and by SEM after deposition. In an original way, high resolution AFM microscopy, coupled with infrared nanospectroscopy, is used to probe the local chemical composition of PEDOT nanostructures. The results demonstrate that spherical self-assembled PEDOT nanostructures are formed. TGA analysis and four point probe measurements demonstrate that thermal stability and electrical conductivity of PEDOT polymers obtained by the present original reduction-polymerization method are close to those of PEDOT we previously prepared by radiolysis according to an oxidation-polymerization route

Comparison of smoking-related DNA methylation between newborns from prenatal exposure and adults from personal smoking.

Aim: Cigarette smoking influences DNA methylation genome wide, in newborns from pregnancy exposure and in adults from personal smoking. Whether a unique methylation signature exists for in utero exposure in newborns is unknown. Materials & methods: We separately meta-analyzed newborn blood DNA methylation (assessed using Illumina450k Beadchip), in relation to sustained maternal smoking during pregnancy (9 cohorts, 5648 newborns, 897 exposed) and adult blood methylation and personal smoking (16 cohorts, 15907 participants, 2433 current smokers). Results & conclusion: Comparing meta-analyses, we identified numerous signatures specific to newborns along with many shared between newborns and adults. Unique smoking-associated genes in newborns were enriched in xenobiotic metabolism pathways. Our findings may provide insights into specific health impacts of prenatal exposure on offspring

Blade/seal contacts in a jet engine : experimental contribution to the characterization of the mechanical behaviour of the abradable seal, and of its dynamic interaction with the blade, on a rotating device

L’utilisation de revêtements abradables pour assurer l’étanchéité dynamique des turboréacteurs est une solution répandue qui permet d’augmenter la fiabilité et le rendement aérodynamique des turboréacteurs. En fonctionnement, des touches inévitables entre le revêtement et le bout d’aubes de rotor peuvent être à l’origine d’une usure excessive du revêtement abradable et/ou de la rupture d’aube. La simulation numérique de tels incidents butte sur un manque de connaissance des interactions aube/carter et des forces mises en jeu au contact, forces qui résultent notamment de couplages entre le frottement, l’usure du revêtement et des phénomènes vibratoires.Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d’interaction entre l’aube et le revêtement abradable. Elle résulte d’une collaboration entre l’ONERA de Lille et le Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille et concerne le revêtement de type Al-Si/hbN (Metco 320NS), couramment utilisé dans les compresseurs à basse pression.Les propriétés physico-chimiques et le comportement mécanique – notamment en dynamique – du revêtement abradable sont étudiés. Compte-tenu d’une asymétrie du comportement en traction et en compression, l’exploitation en corrélation d’images numériques d’un essai original inspiré de l’essai Brésilien permet de rendre compte des mécanismes de dégradation. Le comportement tribologique est étudié sur tribomètre dans différentes configurations de contact. L’interaction entre l’aube et le revêtement ainsi que les couplages avec les vibrations d’aube sont investigués et caractérisés dans une configuration simplifiée et fortement instrumentée, sur un banc rotatif spécifique développé à l’ONERA de LilleAbradable seals are extensively used in jet engines to ensure smaller rotor/stator dynamic clearances and lead to higher aerodynamic efficiencies. However, the resulting reduced rotor/stator gap can cause excessive seal wear and/or a significant increase in rotor blades solicitation, both of which can be highly detrimental to the engine’s structural integrity. To allow numerical modelling of such accidental scenarios, there is a need to better comprehend the blade/seal interactions as well as the contact forces involved and that can be influenced by the couplings occurring between friction, seal wear and blade vibration.This thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of the blade/seal interaction mechanisms, in the framework of a cooperation between ONERA de Lille and the Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille. The abradable material is of Al-Si/hBN type (Metco 320NS), commonly used in low pressure compressors. The physicochemical properties and the mechanical behaviour – under static and dynamic loading – of this abradable material are tested. Given the anti-symmetry of its tension and compression behaviour, use of the Digital Image Correlation technique to analyze an experiment derived from the Brazilian test allows qualification of the damage mechanisms. The friction behaviour of the abradable seal is studied on a tribometer using different contact configurations. Characterisation of the blade/seal interaction and of some of the associated coupling phenomena is done on a dedicated and instrumented device developed at ONERA de Lill

Etude expérimentale du contact aube/abradable : contribution à la caractérisation mécanique des matériaux abradables et de leur interaction dynamique sur banc rotatif avec une aube

Abradable seals are extensively used in jet engines to ensure smaller rotor/stator dynamic clearances and lead to higher aerodynamic efficiencies. However, the resulting reduced rotor/stator gap can cause excessive seal wear and/or a significant increase in rotor blades solicitation, both of which can be highly detrimental to the engine’s structural integrity. To allow numerical modelling of such accidental scenarios, there is a need to better comprehend the blade/seal interactions as well as the contact forces involved and that can be influenced by the couplings occurring between friction, seal wear and blade vibration.This thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of the blade/seal interaction mechanisms, in the framework of a cooperation between ONERA de Lille and the Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille. The abradable material is of Al-Si/hBN type (Metco 320NS), commonly used in low pressure compressors. The physicochemical properties and the mechanical behaviour – under static and dynamic loading – of this abradable material are tested. Given the anti-symmetry of its tension and compression behaviour, use of the Digital Image Correlation technique to analyze an experiment derived from the Brazilian test allows qualification of the damage mechanisms. The friction behaviour of the abradable seal is studied on a tribometer using different contact configurations. Characterisation of the blade/seal interaction and of some of the associated coupling phenomena is done on a dedicated and instrumented device developed at ONERA de LilleL’utilisation de revêtements abradables pour assurer l’étanchéité dynamique des turboréacteurs est une solution répandue qui permet d’augmenter la fiabilité et le rendement aérodynamique des turboréacteurs. En fonctionnement, des touches inévitables entre le revêtement et le bout d’aubes de rotor peuvent être à l’origine d’une usure excessive du revêtement abradable et/ou de la rupture d’aube. La simulation numérique de tels incidents butte sur un manque de connaissance des interactions aube/carter et des forces mises en jeu au contact, forces qui résultent notamment de couplages entre le frottement, l’usure du revêtement et des phénomènes vibratoires.Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d’interaction entre l’aube et le revêtement abradable. Elle résulte d’une collaboration entre l’ONERA de Lille et le Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille et concerne le revêtement de type Al-Si/hbN (Metco 320NS), couramment utilisé dans les compresseurs à basse pression.Les propriétés physico-chimiques et le comportement mécanique – notamment en dynamique – du revêtement abradable sont étudiés. Compte-tenu d’une asymétrie du comportement en traction et en compression, l’exploitation en corrélation d’images numériques d’un essai original inspiré de l’essai Brésilien permet de rendre compte des mécanismes de dégradation. Le comportement tribologique est étudié sur tribomètre dans différentes configurations de contact. L’interaction entre l’aube et le revêtement ainsi que les couplages avec les vibrations d’aube sont investigués et caractérisés dans une configuration simplifiée et fortement instrumentée, sur un banc rotatif spécifique développé à l’ONERA de Lill

Etude expérimentale du contact aube/abradable (contribution à la caractérisation mécanique des matériaux abradables et de leur interaction dynamique sur banc rotatif avec une aube)

L utilisation de revêtements abradables pour assurer l étanchéité dynamique des turboréacteurs est une solution répandue qui permet d augmenter la fiabilité et le rendement aérodynamique des turboréacteurs. En fonctionnement, des touches inévitables entre le revêtement et le bout d aubes de rotor peuvent être à l origine d une usure excessive du revêtement abradable et/ou de la rupture d aube. La simulation numérique de tels incidents butte sur un manque de connaissance des interactions aube/carter et des forces mises en jeu au contact, forces qui résultent notamment de couplages entre le frottement, l usure du revêtement et des phénomènes vibratoires.Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d interaction entre l aube et le revêtement abradable. Elle résulte d une collaboration entre l ONERA de Lille et le Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille et concerne le revêtement de type Al-Si/hbN (Metco 320NS), couramment utilisé dans les compresseurs à basse pression.Les propriétés physico-chimiques et le comportement mécanique notamment en dynamique du revêtement abradable sont étudiés. Compte-tenu d une asymétrie du comportement en traction et en compression, l exploitation en corrélation d images numériques d un essai original inspiré de l essai Brésilien permet de rendre compte des mécanismes de dégradation. Le comportement tribologique est étudié sur tribomètre dans différentes configurations de contact. L interaction entre l aube et le revêtement ainsi que les couplages avec les vibrations d aube sont investigués et caractérisés dans une configuration simplifiée et fortement instrumentée, sur un banc rotatif spécifique développé à l ONERA de LilleAbradable seals are extensively used in jet engines to ensure smaller rotor/stator dynamic clearances and lead to higher aerodynamic efficiencies. However, the resulting reduced rotor/stator gap can cause excessive seal wear and/or a significant increase in rotor blades solicitation, both of which can be highly detrimental to the engine s structural integrity. To allow numerical modelling of such accidental scenarios, there is a need to better comprehend the blade/seal interactions as well as the contact forces involved and that can be influenced by the couplings occurring between friction, seal wear and blade vibration.This thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of the blade/seal interaction mechanisms, in the framework of a cooperation between ONERA de Lille and the Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille. The abradable material is of Al-Si/hBN type (Metco 320NS), commonly used in low pressure compressors. The physicochemical properties and the mechanical behaviour under static and dynamic loading of this abradable material are tested. Given the anti-symmetry of its tension and compression behaviour, use of the Digital Image Correlation technique to analyze an experiment derived from the Brazilian test allows qualification of the damage mechanisms. The friction behaviour of the abradable seal is studied on a tribometer using different contact configurations. Characterisation of the blade/seal interaction and of some of the associated coupling phenomena is done on a dedicated and instrumented device developed at ONERA de LilleVILLENEUVE D'ASCQ-ECLI (590092307) / SudocSudocFranceF

Distribución del trabajo doméstico en hogares de parejas de hombres gay

A partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a parejas corresidentes de hombres gay que viven en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, se analiza la distribución del trabajo doméstico en sus hogares, así como los significados asociados a dicha distribución. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que, si bien algunas parejas entrevistadas sostienen un discurso igualitarista en lo que respecta a la distribución del trabajo doméstico, en la práctica se observa una desigual distribución de éste, tanto en términos de la cantidad de tiempo empleado, como en lo referente al tipo de tareas realizadas por cada uno. Junto a esto, los resultados muestran la existencia de una distribución más flexible que la observada en las parejas heterosexuales

Development of elastically graded titanium alloys for biomedical applications

Recent works have shown that the elastic mismatch observed at the bone / implant interface could be responsible for stress shielding issues causing bone resorption phenomena and potentially implant failures. In the present study, new advanced thermomechanical approaches leading to titanium alloys with graded elastic properties are proposed. The underlying philosophy and the whole methodology is detailed here, from the selection of candidates with large elastic variability to the creation of gradients, involving the identification of microstructure-properties relationships and the use of appropriate thermo-mechanical treatments. Applied on Ti-Nb-Zr alloys, these original routes enabled to get the following graded properties: elastic modulus from 85 to 65GPa over 400μm for TNZ alloy by surface deformation, and from 130 to 75GPa over 100μm for Ti-13-13 by preferential dissolution. These promising results thus validated the previously designed material-strategy-process combinations