Pesticide residues analysis in farm gate vegetables of agricultural areas in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, India

The main purpose of this experiment was to understand pesticide residues persistence and their toxicity level in vegetables. In the present study pesticide residues in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and capsicum (Capsium annuum L.) vegetables cultivated in Tumakuru, Gubbi, Kunigal and Pavagada taluks in Tumkur district were analysed. In methodology, samples of 1 kg each were collected, cut into small pieces, macerated in a grinder and used for the analysis. Pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed tomato samples of Pavagada recorded acephate (0.346 mg/kg), dichlorvos (0.189 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.057 mg/kg) and Tumakuru samples recorded phorate (0.072 mg/kg) residues higher than MRLs (Maximum residue levels). Chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin-g and cypermethrin were below detection level (BDL) in all the samples. Cyfluthrin-β recorded highest in Kunigal samples (0.294 mg/kg), Tumakuru and Gubbi samples showed BDL. Deltamethrin was highest in Pavagada (0.296 mg/kg) samples and Tumakuru and Kunigal samples revealed BDL. Pavagada samples (0.026 mg/kg) showed monocrotophos residues higher than MRLs. In capsicum samples, acephate residue was highest in Tumakuru samples (0.333 mg/kg), highest chlorpyrifos (0.153 mg/kg) in Kunigal samples, deltamethrin (0.381 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.168 mg/kg) and phorate (0.089 mg/kg) residues were higher than MRLs in Pavagada samples. Cyfluthrin-β (0.045 mg/kg) was high in Tumakuru and dichlorvos (0.042 mg/kg) high in Pavagada samples. Cyhalothrin-g, cypermethrin and monocrotophos were BDL in all the samples. An attempt has been made to assess the different pesticides usage and their adverse impacts on vegetables, which are backbone to afford assistance for an extensive array of investigators.

Design of Lean to Roof Steel Trusses with Hollow Circular tube using IS 875 (part-III):2015 & IS 800:2007

At present, SP-38:1987 is available which provides design for lean to roof type trusses and pitch roof trusses. The design of lean to roof truss has been carried out as per IS 800:1984 IS 875 (Part-III):1964. Afterwards IS 800:1984 is revised in 2007, which is based on limit state method. Also, IS 875 (Part-III) is updated in 1987 and then in 2015 considering climate changes and economical parameters. Accordingly, study has been done to revise the design of trusses given in SP-38:1987. In the present study, design and comparison of lean to roof type truss with steel circular hollow tube section have been carried out using IS 875 (Part-III):2015 and IS 800:2007 limit state method using STAAD Pro. and their results compared with SP-38:1987 results. This study includes lean to roof truss system considering different parameters like span, spacing of truss, slope of roof and wind zones with all cases of wind load. At the end, a compiled report will be prepared, which will be helpful to design engineers to provide economic, easier, faster approach for designing of steel trusses

Basic Logic Gates in Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals for All Optical Device Design

The research carried out in the field of optics and photonics with an idea to design and develop the all optical logic devices in the fascinating material known as photonic crystals (PhCs). The structural investigation reveals that the two dimensional (2-D) PhCs is more suitable for fabrication of optoelectronic components. In this article we have designed basic logic gates in 2-D PhCs as they are the building blocks for the construction of optical devices and in these, refractive index is periodically modulated with the wavelength. The understanding of light behaviour in complex PhCs helps in creating photonic band gap (PBG) that can prevent light of certain wavelength propagating in crystal lattice structure. For the selected geometry structure, three PBG bands will exists out of which two of them are transverse electric (TE) and one is transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The PBG bands in the TE mode ranges from 0.31(a/λ) to 0.46(a/λ) , 0.61(a/λ) to 0.63(a/λ) and TM mode ranges from 0.86(a/λ) to 0.93(a/λ). The free space wavelength of 1550 nm is set for the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of the structure. The response time and computational overhead required for the proposed OR gate is 0.128ps and 4.4MB is obtained. Also we calculated the extinction ratio for AND gate and NOT gate as 6.19 dB and 10.21 dB respectively

Hyperspectral Endmember Extraction Techniques

Hyperspectral data processing and analysis mainly plays a vital role in detection, identification, discrimination and estimation of earth surface materials. It involves atmospheric correction, dimensionality reduction, endmember extraction, spectral unmixing and classification phases. One of the ultimate aims of hyperspectral data processing and analysis is to achieve high classification accuracy. The classification accuracy of hyperspectral data most probably depends upon image-derived endmembers. Ideally, an endmember is defined as a spectrally unique, idealized and pure signature of a surface material. Extraction of consistent and desired endmember is one of the important criteria to achieve the high accuracy of hyperspectral data classification and spectral unmixing. Several methods, strategies and algorithms are proposed by various researchers to extract the endmembers from hyperspectral imagery. Most of these techniques and algorithms are significantly dependent on user-defined input parameters, and this issue is subjective because there is no standard specificity about these input parameters. This leads to inconsistencies in overall endmember extraction. To resolve the aforementioned problems, systematic, generic, robust and automated mechanism of endmember extraction is required. This chapter gives and highlights the generic approach of endmember extraction with popular algorithm limitations and challenges

Physico-chemical parameters for Micro algal culture

Marine microalgae are unicellular in nature, which are the primary producers of the sea. Among microalgae, green algae, flagellate and diatom species, are the primary producers at the base of the marine food chain. It’s an important source of nutrition and is used widely in the aquaculture of other aquatic organisms like finfish and shellfish, etc., either directly or as an added source of basic nutrients. They are cultured in hatcheries for larval rearing of molluscs, crustaceans and fish as a source of nutrition. In hatchery systems, micro algae is also added to the larval rearing tanks to improve ‘quality’ of water. The production of micro algae is very critical in successful hatchery management. Suitably treated seawater enriched with nutrients, like nitrates, phosphates, essential trace elements, vitamins and carbon dioxide is a prerequisite for any successful algal culture. High micro algal biomass with low bacteria content is important to support the growth of finfish or shellfish larvae. In this context Physio-chemical parameters and its management in algal culture systems plays a vital role in enhancing the survival, growth and production of cultivable animals

A case report: incidental diagnosis of endometrial tuberculosis in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), including heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), levy a massive burden on society. Here, we discuss about two patients who came to OPD with AUB symptoms for evaluation, but incidentally diagnosed with endometrial tuberculosis. In Case 1, 45-year-old female came with complains of heavy menstrual bleeding for 6 months for 6 months. USG showed adenomyosis. Patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. But on day 7 she developed serous blood-tinged discharge per vaginum. Incidentally, patient endometrial CBNAAT report came positive for MTB, with no resistance to rifampicin. Patient was started on anti-tubercular treatment for 6 months. In Case 2, 43-year-old female came with complaints of HMB with pain abdomen and irregular menses for 3 years. USG shows early changes of Adenomyosis. Patient underwent therapeutic curettage with MIRENA insertion. Endometrial CBNAAT was negative and liquid culture (LJ) was MDR positive. Sensitivity report s/o of isoniazid and rifampicin resistant. Patient was advised monthly close follow up as symptoms were under control. When a routine screening for FGTB by CBNAAT is done for cases of AUB, there are high chances of reporting more cases in a developing nation like India. Hence sending endometrial samples for TB screening in AUB cases can be useful in finding out more cases of genital TB, where their symptoms can be related to TB infection rather than searching for a structural cause that may be is not the cause for the severe symptoms. Due to which mismanagement or unnecessary surgical interventions can be avoided

Hypovitamanosis D and non cardiac chest pain

Background: Recurrent atypical chest pain not due to cardiac illness is a very common condition in medical outpatient departments. Authors found that people consulting for atypical chest pain often have significant Vitamin D deficiency and correction of Vitamin D deficiency relieved patient symptoms. Hence authors carried out this study.Methods: Persons aged below 50 years were taken up for study. Those attending medical clinics with complaints of chest pain occurring more than two times were taken up for study. Cardiac illness was excluded by clinical examination and investigations. Those found to have low Vitamin D were taken up for study. 60,000 international units Vitamin D was administered orally weekly for 8 weeks. They were followed up twice weekly for three months and once monthly for three months.Results: Results were analyzed and charted. 120 subjects were taken up for study and duration of study was three years. Average age of the study group was 37.50 years and the average Vitamin D level was 15.75 nanogram/ml (ngm/ml). Duration of chest pain ranged from one week to one year. Most of the patients had migratory chest pain.Conclusions: As Vitamin D deficiency is a treatable medical condition it may be prudent to check Vitamin D levels in the patients presenting with recurrent atypical pain in the chest. It reduces the burden on the health care system and relieves the suffering of the patient. It may not be futile to check Vitamin D levels even in the patients with coronary artery disease who are suffering from atypical chest pain

A Novel Automated Technique for Ferrous Materials Classification

The composition of the material and its processing conditions effect the microstructure of that material. Mechanical properties are inturn dependent on the material\u27s microstructure. Thus the study of microstructure is important to asses the material processing conditions. This also helps in forensic analysis of material failure. Metallography deals with the material microstructure study. Classification of Material is the first step of the metallographic analysis. The tonal distribution of the microstructural image is completly dependent on the material and its composition. The current paper proposes a automated technique for classification of materials using image processing algorithms

Stereochemistry of 3-hydroxy flavanones

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