Influence of Growth Stage and Leaf Age on Expression of the Components of Partial Resistance of Faba Bean to Botrytis fabae Sard.

In detached leaf tests on faba bean (Vicia faba L.), genotypes partially resistant and susceptible to Botrytis fabae were examined. Expression of four components of partial resistance to a virulent isolate of B. fabae differed depending on the plant age and the leaf age of the genotypes. The incubation period of resistant genotypes at the podding stage was longer than that of susceptible genotypes at the same stage. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of the lesion size increased from the seedling to the flowering stage but declined at the podding stage in all genotypes. Differences between resistant and susceptible genotypes for lesion size were significant except on old leaves from plants at the podding stage. The latent period decreased, and spore production increased with increasing growth and leaf age but there was significant interaction with the genotype. These last two components of partial resistance were more clearly expressed at all growth stages on FRY167 (highly resistant) but were expressed only at the seedling and podding stages on FRY7 (resistant). The resistant line BPL710 was not significantly different from the susceptible genotypes for the latent period at any growth stage, and for spore production at the seedling and flowering stages. Leaf age affected all genotypes, but with a significant interaction between leaf age and growth stage. Components of partial resistance were more strongly expressed on young leaves from plants at the seedling or flowering stage

Application-Layer Connector Synthesis

International audienceThe heterogeneity characterizing the systems populating the Ubiquitous Computing environment prevents their seamless interoperability. Heterogeneous protocols may be willing to cooperate in order to reach some common goal even though they meet dynamically and do not have a priori knowledge of each other. Despite numerous e orts have been done in the literature, the automated and run-time interoperability is still an open challenge for such environment. We consider interoperability as the ability for two Networked Systems (NSs) to communicate and correctly coordinate to achieve their goal(s). In this chapter we report the main outcomes of our past and recent research on automatically achieving protocol interoperability via connector synthesis. We consider application-layer connectors by referring to two conceptually distinct notions of connector: coordinator and mediator. The former is used when the NSs to be connected are already able to communicate but they need to be speci cally coordinated in order to reach their goal(s). The latter goes a step forward representing a solution for both achieving correct coordination and enabling communication between highly heterogeneous NSs. In the past, most of the works in the literature described e orts to the automatic synthesis of coordinators while, in recent years the focus moved also to the automatic synthesis of mediators. Within the Connect project, by considering our past experience on automatic coordinator synthesis as a baseline, we propose a formal theory of mediators and a related method for automatically eliciting a way for the protocols to interoperate. The solution we propose is the automated synthesis of emerging mediating connectors (i.e., mediators for short)

Simulation for training in sinus floor elevation : new surgical bench model

Objectives: to describe a bench model (workshop of abilities) for sinus floor elevation (SFE) training that simulates the surgical environment and to assess its effectiveness in terms of trainees? perception. Study design: thirty-six randomly selected postgraduate students entered this cross-sectional pilot study and asked to fill in an anonymous, self-applied, 12-item questionnaire about a SFE workshop that included a study guide containing the workshop?s details, supervised practice on a simulated surgical environment, and assessment by means of specific check-lists. Results: Thirtiy-six fresh sheep heads were prepared to allow access to the buccal vestible. Using the facial tuber, third premolar and a 3D-CT study as landmarks for trepanation, the sinus membrane was lifted, the space filled with ceramic material and closed with a resorbable membrane. The participants agreed on their ability to perform SFE in a simulated situation (median score= 4.5; range 2-5) and felt capable to teach the technique to other clinicians or to undertake the procedure for a patient under supervision of an expert surgeon (median= 4; range 1-5 ). There were no differences on their perceived ability to undertake the technique on a model or on a real patient under supervision of an expert surgeon (p=0.36). Conclusions: Clinical abilities workshops for SFE teaching are an essential educational tool but supervised clinical practice should always precede autonomous SFE on real patients. Simulation procedures (workshop of abilities) are perceived by the partakers as useful for the surgical practice. However, more studies are needed to validate the procedure and to address cognitive and communication skills, that are clearly integral parts of surgical performance

Longer and less overlapping food webs in anthropogenically disturbed marine ecosystems: confirmations from the past

The human exploitation of marine resources is characterised by the preferential removal of the largest species. Although this is expected to modify the structure of food webs, we have a relatively poor understanding of the potential consequences of such alteration. Here, we take advantage of a collection of ancient consumer tissues, using stable isotope analysis and SIBER to assess changes in the structure of coastal marine food webs in the South-western Atlantic through the second half of the Holocene as a result of the sequential exploitation of marine resources by hunter-gatherers, western sealers and modern fishermen. Samples were collected from shell middens and museums. Shells of both modern and archaeological intertidal herbivorous molluscs were used to reconstruct changes in the stable isotopic baseline, while modern and archaeological bones of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens, South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis and Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus were used to analyse changes in the structure of the community of top predators. We found that ancient food webs were shorter, more redundant and more overlapping than current ones, both in northern-central Patagonia and southern Patagonia. These surprising results may be best explained by the huge impact of western sealing on pinnipeds during the fur trade period, rather than the impact of fishing on fish populations. As a consequence, the populations of pinnipeds at the end of the sealing period were likely well below the ecosystem's carrying capacity, which resulted in a release of intraspecific competition and a shift towards larger and higher trophic level prey. This in turn led to longer and less overlapping food webs

Inventaire, fréquence et agressivité des différentes espèces ou variétés de Fusarium responsables de la pourriture sèche des tubercules de pomme de terre

National audienceFusarium isolation from dry-rot potato tubers of 1843 samples harvested in 1978 and 1956 samples harvested in 1979 was carried out. F. roseum var. sambucinum proved to be the predominating species in 35-40 p. 100 of the samples ; the species second in frequency were F. solani var. coeruleum and F. roseum var. arthrosporioides ; lastly, F. roseum var. culmorum, F. roseum var. graminearum, F. roseum type X and F. oxysporum were also found. As to their pathogenicity, F. roseum var. sambucinum was found to be highly pathogenic (from 5 to 30 °C) ; F. solani var. coeruleum, after a slow establishement on the potato tubers, is very pathogenic at 15 °C. F. roseum var. arthrosporioides is pathogenic from 18 °C to 30 °C. These three Fusarium species or varieties can be considered as the most important causal agents of dry rot of potato tubers. F. roseum var. culmorum and F. roseum var. graminearum are pathogenic only at 25-30 °C. F. roseum type X and F. oxysporum are slightly pathogenic to apathogenic.Plusieurs espèces ou variétés de Fusarium sont isolées de tubercules de pomme de terre présentant des symptômes de pourriture. F. roseum var. sambucinum, F. solani var. coeruleum, F. roseum var. arthrosporioides sont les espèces ou les variétés les plus fréquemment représentées. Des souches de F. roseum var. graminearum, de F. roseum var. culmorum, de F. roseum type X et de F. oxysporum sont également isolées. Si F. roseum var. sambucinum et F. solani var. coeruleum semblent constituer des agents de pourriture sèche très dangereux dans les conditions climatiques de notre pays (l’optimum du développement de la maladie se situe aux environs de 15 °C) ; F. roseum var. arthrosporioides peut provoquer des pourritures à partir de 18-20 °C. F. roseum var. graminearum et F. roseum var. culmorum occasionnent, quant à eux, des dégâts à des températures voisines de 25-30°C. Le rôle parasitaire de F. roseum type X et de F. oxysporum n’est pas clairement établi puisqu’ils provoquent peu (ou pas) de nécroses sur tubercules

Fusarium spp from potato: polymorphism of esterase phenotypes on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze 49 single-spore cultures of Fusarium from potatoes growing in the Brittany region of France. The isolates belonged to 3 species (F oxysporum, F solani, and F roseum), 5 varieties of F roseum (sambucinum, arthrosporioides, culmorum, graminearum and gibbosum). Esterase patterns from the mycelium made it possible to unambiguously distinguish each species or variety. Depending on the species or varieties 6 to 20 isozymes were found, but only 3 or 4 of these could be used for identification. F oxysporum, F solani var coeruleum, and F roseum var arthrosporioides showed highly distinctive enzyme patterns, while the esterase patterns of F roseum var culmorum and var graminearum were closely related. Where morphological heterogeneity appeared between isolates of the same species or variety, the enzyme patterns were variable, such as in F roseum var graminearum with 2 stet morphological sub-types and in F roseum var arthrosporioides with its morphological variants. Based on these stable and fluctuating isozymes, we consider that F roseum var arthrosporioides and F roseum var avenaceum could be one and the same species. Lastly, the relation between tolerance to thiabendazole and esterase patterns of F roseum var sambucinum is discussed.Polymorphisme des isoenzymes d'estérases d'espèces ou de variétés de Fusarium isolées de tubercules de pomme de terre. L'électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide est utilisée pour analyser 49 isolats mono-spores de Fusarium issus pour la plupart de pomme de terre en Bretagne. Ces isolats appartiennent à 3 espèces (F oxysporum, F solani et F roseum), et 5 variétés de F roseum (sambucinum, arthrosporioides, culmorum, graminearum, gibbosum). Les estérases du mycélium, seul critère enzymatique retenu, permettent de distinguer sans ambiguïté chaque espèce ou variété de Fusarium. Selon les espèces ou les variétés, 6 à 20 bandes enzymatiques sont mises en évidence mais 3 à 4 seulement peuvent servir à leur identification. F oxysporum, F solani var coeruleum et F roseum var arthrosporioides ont des zymogrammes bien distincts ; les profils d'estérases de F roseum var culmorum et de F roseum var graminearum sont proches tandis que celui de F roseum var gibbosum forme compactum est plus apparenté à celui de F roseum var sambucinum qu'aux 2 variétés précédentes. Les résultats obtenus concordent avec les subdivisions définies à partir de la morphologie. En cas d'homogénéité morphologique entre isolats, les isoestérases sont plus stables au niveau de l'espèce ou de la variété que dans le cas des taxons les plus polymorphes. La situation de variation importante est illustrée chez F roseum var graminearum où les 2 types d'isolats sont mis en évidence ; également chez F roseum var arthrosporioides, des modifications morphologiques observées s'accompagnent d'altérations isozymiques mais ces fluctuations n'éloignent pas ces variants de cette variété de F roseum. À ce sujet, la relation entre F roseum var arthrosporioides et F roseum var avenaceum est discutée. Enfin, cette méthode permet de mettre en évidence des différences entre souches de F roseum var sambucinum en fonction de leur sensibilité ou résistance au thiabendazole et de leur développement sur mileu de culture

Vers une meilleure prise en compte de la nuisibilité des maladies dans le raisonnement de la protection des cultures

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