748 research outputs found
Que valent les engagements des régimes de retraite envers les retraités en France ?
Using the "Echantillon Inter régimes des Retraités" (EIR) 2008 and 2012 panel data, we calculate retirees\u27 pension wealth (consumed and residual) at an aggregated level, and provide in-depth results by type of pension scheme and by managing organism. We put an emphasis on direct pensions already perceived by retirees and to be paid in the future, without taking into account current contributors\u27 future retirement. We find that the overall pension wealth is not very sensitive to the discount rate, but this result does not hold if we concentrate on the future pension wealth. From this point of view, it must be noted that some of the organisms have a high proportion of pension still to be paid. Moreover, whatever the type of pension wealth calculated, the results show a rapid increase from 2008 to 2012 (except for the basic scheme of farmers). Finally, spread indicators and Gini index of pension wealth are relatively higher than those found in the distribution of labor income by other studies. We find that there are more inequalities in the private sector than in the public, particularly in the private sector for complementary pension schemes
Pension Wealth in France: An Assessment on Panel Data
This contribution proposes a measure of pension wealth in the French public PAYG schemes (first and second pillar schemes) and of its distribution among the population of retirees in 2008 using the Echantillon Inter régimes de Retraités (EIR) panel data. We show that aggregate pension wealth amounts to around 4765 billion Euros assuming a 2 percent discount rate. There are significant differences in the amount of individual’s pension wealth between the pension schemes of the private and public sector. Moreover, there is more inequality in the distribution of pension wealth among private sector retirees than public sectorones
La réforme des retraites de 1993 : quel impact sur l'équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite ?
Depuis 1993, la France a enregistrĂ© plusieurs rĂ©formes de son système de retraites, visant avant tout Ă en assurer la soutenabilitĂ©. Cette contribution a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’équivalent patrimonial des droits individuels Ă la retraite (EPDR), c\u27est-Ă -dire la somme actuarielle probable des pensions Ă recevoir, de la date de liquidation des droits jusqu’au dĂ©cès. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous mesurons l’impact de cette rĂ©forme sur l’EPDR des mono-pensionnĂ©s du rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral, Ă l’aide des donnĂ©es de l’Echantillon InterrĂ©gimes de RetraitĂ©s 2008. Parmi les mesures phares de la rĂ©forme de 1993 figure l’augmentation progressive de la durĂ©e de cotisation nĂ©cessaire pour obtenir une retraite Ă taux plein au rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral. Cette augmentation est susceptible d’engendrer deux effets opposĂ©s : un effet de report de l’âge de liquidation pour conserver un EPDR adĂ©quat pour ses vieux jours (voire l’augmenter) ou un effet de dĂ©cote, si l’assurĂ©-e ne souhaite, ou ne peut, pas prolonger son activitĂ© et subit donc une dĂ©cote sur sa pension, et partant sur son EPDR. Pour tester les effets nets de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’EPDR, nous procĂ©dons Ă des estimations Ă©conomĂ©triques en diffĂ©rences premières et en doubles diffĂ©rences, ainsi qu’à des estimations par quantiles pour mesurer les impacts le long de la distribution de l’EPDR. Nos estimations montrent des rĂ©sultats diffĂ©rents selon que les individus partent avant ou après 2004, date d’entrĂ©e en vigueur de la rĂ©forme. Ainsi, toutes choses Ă©gales par ailleurs, un dĂ©part en retraite avant 2004 plutĂ´t que postĂ©rieurement, augmente l’EPDR des retraitĂ©s concernĂ©s. Toutefois, l’interaction avec les autres variables nuance cette conclusion. D’une part, reporter son dĂ©part en retraite rĂ©duit l’EPDR moyen d’environ 20% : le report permet d’accumuler des droits supplĂ©mentaires, mais sur une pĂ©riode rĂ©duite. D’autre part, l’effet de la dĂ©cote est nĂ©gatif, mais son intensitĂ© est rĂ©duite quand les retraitĂ©s reportent leur dĂ©part. En outre, comme les gĂ©nĂ©rations 1934-1943 ont subi conjointement les rĂ©formes de 1993 et 2003, nos estimations en double diffĂ©rence permettent d’isoler l’effet « pur » de la rĂ©forme de 1993 : lorsque les affiliĂ©s ont subi une dĂ©cote, sans avoir reportĂ© leur dĂ©part en retraite pour l’attĂ©nuer, la liquidation des droits aux conditions de 2003 par rapport aux conditions de 1993 est la plus dĂ©favorable. Enfin, les estimations par quantiles montrent que ces effets s’intensifient dans la première moitiĂ© de la distribution, et s’attĂ©nuent au-delĂ
AO-4025 ITT ESA - Surface treatments and coatings for reduction of multipactor and Passive InterModulation (PIM) effect in RF components
This is the electronic version of a paper presented at the 4th International Workshop on Multipactor, Corona and Passive Intermodulation in Space RF Hardware (MULCOPIM 2003) held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands.ESA has initiated several activities with the aim to reduce the risk of multipaction and corona effects in space hardware. Within the activity Surface Treatment and Coating for the Reduction of Multipactor and Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Effects in RF Components a European group has been formed to investigate new surface coatings / treatments to improve the power handling capability of passive equipment with respect to
multipactor and passive intermodulation. This paper presents an overview of the activities to be performed within this project and describes the first results
The pre-launch Planck Sky Model: a model of sky emission at submillimetre to centimetre wavelengths
We present the Planck Sky Model (PSM), a parametric model for the generation
of all-sky, few arcminute resolution maps of sky emission at submillimetre to
centimetre wavelengths, in both intensity and polarisation. Several options are
implemented to model the cosmic microwave background, Galactic diffuse emission
(synchrotron, free-free, thermal and spinning dust, CO lines), Galactic H-II
regions, extragalactic radio sources, dusty galaxies, and thermal and kinetic
Sunyaev-Zeldovich signals from clusters of galaxies. Each component is
simulated by means of educated interpolations/extrapolations of data sets
available at the time of the launch of the Planck mission, complemented by
state-of-the-art models of the emission. Distinctive features of the
simulations are: spatially varying spectral properties of synchrotron and dust;
different spectral parameters for each point source; modeling of the clustering
properties of extragalactic sources and of the power spectrum of fluctuations
in the cosmic infrared background. The PSM enables the production of random
realizations of the sky emission, constrained to match observational data
within their uncertainties, and is implemented in a software package that is
regularly updated with incoming information from observations. The model is
expected to serve as a useful tool for optimizing planned microwave and
sub-millimetre surveys and to test data processing and analysis pipelines. It
is, in particular, used for the development and validation of data analysis
pipelines within the planck collaboration. A version of the software that can
be used for simulating the observations for a variety of experiments is made
available on a dedicated website.Comment: 35 pages, 31 figure
Equivalent Patrimonial des Droits Ă Retraite en France : MĂ©thodologie et Mesure dans l'EIR
L’équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite (directs ou dérivés) permet d’évaluer la soutenabilité et la générosité des régimes de retraite. A l’aide des données de l’Echantillon Inter-régimes des Retraités de 2008, nous proposons une mesure de cet indicateur pour les assurés à la retraite du système de retraite français. L’objectif de cet article est de discuter des choix méthodologiques retenus à chaque étape de calcul de l’équivalent patrimonial et de souligner les contraintes et les limites spécifiques à un tel exercice. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que les différences entre les régimes de retraite peuvent générer des engagements d’une ampleur variable envers les assurés à la retraite. L’analyse de la concentration montre que la distribution de l’équivalent patrimonial des droits directs est plus inégale entre les assurés aux régimes complémentaires qu’entre les assurés des régimes de base ou intégrés
(régime général, SRE-civile par exemple). Les inégalités au sein des régimes et entre les générations dans la distribution de l’équivalent patrimonial tendent globalement à diminuer au fil des générations étudiées
A Geometric Formulation of Quantum Stress Fields
We present a derivation of the stress field for an interacting quantum system
within the framework of local density functional theory. The formulation is
geometric in nature and exploits the relationship between the strain tensor
field and Riemannian metric tensor field. Within this formulation, we
demonstrate that the stress field is unique up to a single ambiguous parameter.
The ambiguity is due to the non-unique dependence of the kinetic energy on the
metric tensor. To illustrate this formalism, we compute the pressure field for
two phases of solid molecular hydrogen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that
qualitative results obtained by interpreting the hydrogen pressure field are
not influenced by the presence of the kinetic ambiguity.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to Physical Review B. This paper
supersedes cond-mat/000627
Expression of the RNA helicase DDX3 and the hypoxia response in breast cancer
<p>Aims: DDX3 is an RNA helicase that has antiapoptotic properties, and promotes proliferation and transformation. In addition, DDX3 was shown to be a direct downstream target of HIF-1α (the master regulatory of the hypoxia response) in breast cancer cell lines. However, the relation between DDX3 and hypoxia has not been addressed in human tumors. In this paper, we studied the relation between DDX3 and the hypoxic responsive proteins in human breast cancer.</p>
<p>Methods and Results: DDX3 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer in comparison with hypoxia related proteins HIF-1α, GLUT1, CAIX, EGFR, HER2, Akt1, FOXO4, p53, ERα, COMMD1, FER kinase, PIN1, E-cadherin, p21, p27, Transferrin receptor, FOXO3A, c-Met and Notch1. DDX3 was overexpressed in 127 of 366 breast cancer patients, and was correlated with overexpression of HIF-1α and its downstream genes CAIX and GLUT1. Moreover, DDX3 expression correlated with hypoxia-related proteins EGFR, HER2, FOXO4, ERα and c-Met in a HIF-1α dependent fashion, and with COMMD1, FER kinase, Akt1, E-cadherin, TfR and FOXO3A independent of HIF-1α.</p>
<p>Conclusions: In invasive breast cancer, expression of DDX3 was correlated with overexpression of HIF-1α and many other hypoxia related proteins, pointing to a distinct role for DDX3 under hypoxic conditions and supporting the oncogenic role of DDX3 which could have clinical implication for current development of DDX3 inhibitors.</p>
Recognizing recurrent neural networks (rRNN): Bayesian inference for recurrent neural networks
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used in computational
neuroscience and machine learning applications. In an RNN, each neuron computes
its output as a nonlinear function of its integrated input. While the
importance of RNNs, especially as models of brain processing, is undisputed, it
is also widely acknowledged that the computations in standard RNN models may be
an over-simplification of what real neuronal networks compute. Here, we suggest
that the RNN approach may be made both neurobiologically more plausible and
computationally more powerful by its fusion with Bayesian inference techniques
for nonlinear dynamical systems. In this scheme, we use an RNN as a generative
model of dynamic input caused by the environment, e.g. of speech or kinematics.
Given this generative RNN model, we derive Bayesian update equations that can
decode its output. Critically, these updates define a 'recognizing RNN' (rRNN),
in which neurons compute and exchange prediction and prediction error messages.
The rRNN has several desirable features that a conventional RNN does not have,
for example, fast decoding of dynamic stimuli and robustness to initial
conditions and noise. Furthermore, it implements a predictive coding scheme for
dynamic inputs. We suggest that the Bayesian inversion of recurrent neural
networks may be useful both as a model of brain function and as a machine
learning tool. We illustrate the use of the rRNN by an application to the
online decoding (i.e. recognition) of human kinematics
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