The emergence of new international organizations in the context of digital transformation of the world economy: myth or reality?

Not only does the process of digitalisation in the broad sense affect individual enterprises and smaller financial organizations, but it also has a direct impact on international economic organizations’ operations. This is manifested both in the need to introduce digital technologies into their activities and to a greater extent in the need they experience to adapt themselves to new realities. The range of actors in the world economy is expanding, the role of transnational corporations is changing, and it is becoming increasingly difficult for the state to regulate production and circulation at the national level, which generates the necessity of creating additional opportunities for international regulation. To a certain extent, existing levers of influence used by international organizations are outdated and require serious revision. The question thus arises as to which one of the following directions for the system’s development should become the main one: reforming existing organizations, establishing fundamentally new ones or combining the two options. The purpose of the article is to analyze current changes in international economic relations, caused by the digital transformation, and to identify the key ways to improve the institutional architecture of the world economy

Screened-exchange Determination of the Electronic Properties of Monoclinic, Tetragonal and Cubic Zirconia

First-principles electronic band structure investigations of monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic ZrO2 reveal the highly anisotropic nature of the conduction and valence band topologies in the monoclinic phase with electron and hole effective masses differing by over an order of magnitude in perpendicular directions. The planes of relatively high implied electron and hole mobilities intersect along a single crystallographic direction, making this the only direction readily available for exciton motion. Conversely, in the tetragonal and cubic phases, charge carrier effective masses are more isotropic and exciton motion is less restricted. These findings may explain recent experimental observations suggesting that exciton production via gamma irradiation in zirconia crystallites immersed in water is responsible for the accelerated dissociation of adsorbed water molecules on crystallite surfaces, and for the specificity of the effect to the tetragonal zirconia phase

Cyclotron enhancement of tunneling

A state of an electron in a quantum wire or a thin film becomes metastable, when a static electric field is applied perpendicular to the wire direction or the film surface. The state decays via tunneling through the created potential barrier. An additionally applied magnetic field, perpendicular to the electric field, can increase the tunneling decay rate for many orders of magnitude. This happens, when the state in the wire or the film has a velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field. According to the cyclotron effect, the velocity rotates under the barrier and becomes more aligned with the direction of tunneling. This mechanism can be called cyclotron enhancement of tunneling

Electric field gradients in s-, p- and d-metal diborides and the effect of pressure on the band structure and Tc_c in MgB2_2

Results of FLMTO-GGA (full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital -- generalized gradient approximation) calculations of the band structure and boron electric field gradients (EFG) for the new medium-T$_c$ superconductor (MTSC), MgB$_2$, and related diborides MB$_2$, M=Be, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mo and Ta are reported. The boron EFG variations are found to be related to specific features of their band structure and particularly to the M-B hybridization. The strong charge anisotropy at the B site in MgB$_2$ is completely defined by the valence electrons - a property which sets MgB$_2$ apart from other diborides. The boron EFG in MgB$_2$ is weakly dependent of applied pressure: the B p electron anisotropy increases with pressure, but it is partly compensated by the increase of core charge assymetry. The concentration of holes in bonding $\sigma$ bands is found to decrease slightly from 0.067 to 0.062 holes/B under a pressure of 10 GPa. Despite a small decrease of N(E$_F$), the Hopfield parameter increases with pressure and we believe that the main reason for the reduction under pressure of the superconducting transition temperature, T$_c$, is the strong pressure dependence of phonon frequencies, which is sufficient to compensate the electronic effects.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Electronic structure and light-induced conductivity in a transparent refractory oxide

Combined first-principles and experimental investigations reveal the underlying mechanism responsible for a drastic change of the conductivity (by 10 orders of magnitude) following hydrogen annealing and UV-irradiation in a transparent oxide, 12CaO.7Al2O3, found by Hayashi et al. The charge transport associated with photo-excitation of an electron from H, occurs by electron hopping. We identify the atoms participating in the hops, determine the exact paths for the carrier migration, estimate the temperature behavior of the hopping transport and predict a way to enhance the conductivity by specific doping.Comment: 4 pages including 4 figure

Quantitative analysis of the learning curve obtained for foreign language studies

The article presents the results of an experimental construction and quantitative analysis of the learning curve (LC) obtained from individuals learning a foreign language. The experiment was conducted at the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin. Three types of LC were constructed for different level of English skills of the subjects: Pre-Intermediate, Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate. Comparison of these curves demonstrates that the subject's knowledge acquisition keeps running for 14 hours after the flash memory session. The paper presents two dependencies for constructing an approximation of the learning curve: logarithmic and polynomial. Based on a comparison of the approximation of the experimental LCs with functions of various types, we suggest that they all provide satisfactory results. Based on the results plans for further study of the problem were proposed. © 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved

Structural and superconducting properties of MgB2−x_{2-x}Bex_x

We prepared MgB$_{2-x}$Be$_{x}$ ($x=0$, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6) samples where B is substituted with Be. MgB$_{2}$ structure is maintained up to $x=0.6$. In-plane and inter-plane lattice constants were found to decrease and increase, respectively. Superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$ decreases with $x$. We found that the $T_{c}$ decrease is correlated with in-plane contraction but is insensitive to carrier doping, which is consistent with other substitution studies such as Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_{x}$B$_{2}$ and MgB$_{2-x}$C$_{x}$. Implication of this work is discussed in terms of the 2D nature of $\sigma$-band.Comment: 3 pages,4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Electronic Structure and Valence Band Spectra of Bi4Ti3O12

The x-ray photoelectron valence band spectrum and x-ray emission valence-band spectra (Ti K _beta_5, Ti L_alpha, O K_alpha) of Bi4Ti3O12 are presented (analyzed in the common energy scale) and interpreted on the basis of a band-structure calculation for an idealized I4/mmm structure of this material.Comment: 6 pages + 7 PostScript figures, RevTex3.0, to be published in Phys.Rev.B52 (Oct.95). Figures also available via anonymous ftp at ftp://ftp.physik.uni-osnabrueck.de/pub/apostnik/BiTiO

Modern trends of Salmonella epidemic process

Modifications in the technology of foodstuff producing, storage and realization, the change of eating behavior along with the endless globalization process are followed by the intensive growth of salmonellosis, thus the permanent epidemiologic monitoring of this group of infections is necessary. The manifestations of the epidemic process of salmonellosis have been studied by an epidemic retrospective analysis and a random retrospective survey of “case – control” type. This article illustrates the analyzed data from Kemerovo region: 41820 cases of salmonellosis disease (1992-2012 г.г.), 1759 cards of the epidemiological study from the disease center (2011-2012 г.г.), the results of bacteriological monitoring (94790 samples of materials of animal origin and objects of the environment). Two periods of salmonellosis morbidity have been identified, which had significant differences in the intensity of epidemic process (the first one – from 1995 to 2004, the second one – from 2005 to 2012). During the first period the morbidity sharply decreased (Тпр. = 9.24%), in the second period, on the contrary, it raised (Тпр. = 9.60%). The growth of the number of the disease cases provoked by salmonella of serogroup D (Salmonella enteritidis) has been discovered. The maximum rate of the salmonellosis morbidity in the annual dynamics has been detected in August, the minimum one – in December. The special group of high risk is babies from 0 to 2 years old. It has been discovered that the majority of morbidities have been caused by a nutritional factor. There is a high rate of correlation between salmonella diseases and eating eggs and poultry products (OR = 4.27). It is obvious that the preventive measures for salmonellosis should be improved

ЭФФЕКТИВНЫЙ АЛГОРИТМ ДИАГНОСТИКИ – КЛЮЧ К ОЦЕНКЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ ОПУХОЛИ ПЕЧЕНИ И ЭФФЕКТА ЛЕЧЕНИЯ

Представлен анализ современных подходов к диагностике гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы (ГЦК). Подробно описаны возможности различных методов исследования (УЗИ, РКТ и МРТ) в выявлении ГЦК малых размеров (≤ 2см). Подчеркивается исключительно важная роль динамического внутривенного контрастирования, в частности, применения гепатоспецифических МР-контрастных препаратов. Подробно описаны характерные черты отображения типичных гиперваскулярных вариантов ГЦК, что позволяет уверенно диагностировать эту опухоль в большинстве случаев без морфологической верификации. Комбинация семиотических МР-признаков (гипоинтенсивность в Т 1, гиперинтенсивность при ДВ-МРТ, диффузное гетерогенное контрастирование всего объема опухоли в артериальную фазу и гипоинтенсивность отображения опухоли в гепатоспецифическую фазу) позволяет увеличить чувствительность, специфичность и точность метода МРТ до 100%, 91,7% и 97,1% соответственно