86 research outputs found
Fredkin Gates for Finite-valued Reversible and Conservative Logics
The basic principles and results of Conservative Logic introduced by Fredkin
and Toffoli on the basis of a seminal paper of Landauer are extended to
d-valued logics, with a special attention to three-valued logics. Different
approaches to d-valued logics are examined in order to determine some possible
universal sets of logic primitives. In particular, we consider the typical
connectives of Lukasiewicz and Godel logics, as well as Chang's MV-algebras. As
a result, some possible three-valued and d-valued universal gates are described
which realize a functionally complete set of fundamental connectives.Comment: 57 pages, 10 figures, 16 tables, 2 diagram
Normative Autonomy and Normative Co-ordination: Declarative Power, Representation, and Mandate
In this paper we provide a formal analysis of the idea of normative co-ordination. We argue that this idea is based on the assumption that agents can achieve flexible co-ordination by conferring normative positions to other agents. These positions include duties, permissions, and powers. In particular, we explain the idea of declarative power, which consists in the capacity of the power-holder of creating normative positions, involving other agents, simply by "proclaiming" such positions. In addition, we account also for the concepts of representation, namely the representative's capacity of acting in the name of his principal, and of mandate, which is the mandatee's duty to act as the mandator has requested. Finally, we show how the framework can be applied to represent the contract-net protocol. Some brief remarks on future research and applications conclude this contribution
A modal theorem-preserving translation of a class of three-valued logics of incomplete information
International audienceThere are several three-valued logical systems that form a scattered landscape, even if all reasonable connectives in three-valued logics can be derived from a few of them. Most papers on this subject neglect the issue of the relevance of such logics in relation with the intended meaning of the third truth-value. Here, we focus on the case where the third truth-value means unknown, as suggested by Kleene. Under such an understanding, we show that any truth-qualified formula in a large range of three-valued logics can be translated into KD as a modal formula of depth 1, with modalities in front of literals only, while preserving all tautologies and inference rules of the original three-valued logic. This simple information logic is a two-tiered classical propositional logic with simple semantics in terms of epistemic states understood as subsets of classical interpretations. We study in particular the translations of Kleene, Gödel, áŽukasiewicz and Nelson logics. We show that Priestâs logic of paradox, closely connected to Kleeneâs, can also be translated into our modal setting, simply by exchanging the modalities possible and necessary. Our work enables the precise expressive power of three-valued logics to be laid bare for the purpose of uncertainty management
Structure of a bacterial type III secretion system in contact with a host membrane in situ
Many bacterial pathogens of animals and plants use a conserved type III secretion system
(T3SS) to inject virulence effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells to subvert host
functions. Contact with host membranes is critical for T3SS activation, yet little is known
about T3SS architecture in this state or the conformational changes that drive effector
translocation. Here we use cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging to derive
the intact structure of the primordial Chlamydia trachomatis T3SS in the presence and absence
of host membrane contact. Comparison of the averaged structures demonstrates a marked
compaction of the basal body (4 nm) occurs when the needle tip contacts the host cell
membrane. This compaction is coupled to a stabilization of the cytosolic sorting platformâ
ATPase. Our findings reveal the first structure of a bacterial T3SS from a major human
pathogen engaged with a eukaryotic host, and reveal striking âpump-actionâ conformational
changes that underpin effector injection
Logics of knowledge and action: critical analysis and challenges
International audienceWe overview the most prominent logics of knowledge and action that were proposed and studied in the multiagent systems literature. We classify them according to these two dimensions, knowledge and action, and moreover introduce a distinction between individual knowledge and group knowledge, and between a nonstrategic an a strategic interpretation of action operators. For each of the logics in our classification we highlight problematic properties. They indicate weaknesses in the design of these logics and call into question their suitability to represent knowledge and reason about it. This leads to a list of research challenges
Research in progress: report on the ICAIL 2017 doctoral consortium
This paper arose out of the 2017 international conference on AI and law doctoral consortium. There were five students who presented their Ph.D. work, and each of them has contributed a section to this paper. The paper offers a view of what topics are currently engaging students, and shows the diversity of their interests and influences
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