Adsorption des matières organiques des eaux usées urbaines sur la bentonite modifiée par Fe(III), Al(III) et Cu(II)

Une argile naturelle, la bentonite de Maghnia (ouest d’Algérie), a été purifiée et caractérisée par calcination, pH‑métrie, IR, XRD et SEM. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’argile a une conductance de 66,4 µS, une capacité d’échange cationique (CEC) de 0,91 méq/g et contient 12 % de matières organiques. Les caractérisations par IR, XRD et SEM ont montré que la bentonite de Maghnia (B) est composée de quartz comme impureté majeure, d’illite (7 %) et principalement de montmorillonite.Cette argile a été saturée au sodium (Na+) et associée au fer (III), à l’aluminium (III) et au cuivre (II). Ces derniers sont insérés, par couple (Al-Cu, Fe-Cu et Fe-Al, 50 ‑ 50 % en atomes), dans l’espace inter-feuillets de la montmorillonite sodée. Le rapport massique métaux/B est égal à 0,0625.Les échantillons obtenus sont appliqués pour fixer les matières organiques (MO) des eaux usées, très chargées, de la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès (ouest d’Algérie). Ces matières organiques représentent 60 % des matières en suspension (MES).L’adsorption des MO a été suivie par photométrie à 470 nm et à température ambiante (20 °C). Cette adsorption a été ajustée au modèle de Freundlich dans le cas de la bentonite et au modèle d’Elovich dans le cas de la bentonite modifiée. Sur l’argile seule l’adsorption des MO est en monocouche, alors qu’elle est en multicouche sur tous les trois autres systèmes. Les taux de fixation des matières organiques sont égaux à 67,1; 76,0; 82,6 et 87,7 % respectivement sur B, Al‑Cu/B, Fe‑Cu/B et Fe‑Al/B. Ces systèmes ont des capacités maximales d’adsorption (qm), respectives, de 570; 860; 890 et 1 010 mg MO/g. Les systèmes au fer sont les plus performants, en particulier Fe‑Al/B.Clay functions as a recyclable surfactant support for the adsorption and subsequent combustion of organic pollutants. The fact that this technology is coupled with general water treatment processes is in itself advantageous. The adsorption of organic matter (OM) from the urban wastewater of Sidi Bel-Abbes City (western Algeria) onto modified clays was investigated in this study. Bentonite from Maghnia (western Algeria) was used in a purified form. The natural clays were washed several times with distilled and deionised water and were completely dispersed in water. After 17 hours at rest, the dispersion was centrifuged for one hour at 2400 rpm. The size of the clay particles obtained was  0.96 and KE = 2•10‑3, 15•10‑3 and 11•10‑3 L•g‑1 respectively for Al-Cu/B, Fe-Cu/B and Fe-Al/B). The adsorption was in monolayers on bentonite and in multilayer form on the other systems. The degree of OM removal was 67.1, 76.0, 82.6 and 87.7% respectively for bentonite (B), Al-Cu/B, Fe-Cu/B and Fe-Al/B. The maximal adsorption capacities (qm) for these systems were: 570, 860, 890 and 1010 mg OM•g‑1, respectively for the four sorbents. The qm values indicate the degree of surface covering of the solid phase (θ); this coverage was 0.80, 0.72 and 0.86 respectively for Al-Cu/B, Fe- Cu/B and Fe-Al/B.The systems containing iron were powerful, particularly Fe-Al/B; this system was able to completely remove the organic matter found in the wastewater. The result was confirmed by the abatement of the COD. This parameter decreased from 537 to 55 mg/L in a trial where one litre of wastewater was treated with 0.67 g of bentonite and 42 mg of Fe-Al/B (50/50 atomic ratio)

Synthesis of an Optimal Dynamic Regulator Based on Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) for the Control of the Relative Humidity under Experimental Greenhouse

This paper describes one practical approach that suggests a model based technique to control in real time the relative humidity under greenhouse. The humidity level is one of the most difficult environmental factors to be regulated in greenhouse. Moreover, maintaining and correcting for more or less humidity can be a challenge for even the most sophisticated monitoring and control equipment. For these raisons, a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller for relative humidity regulation under greenhouse turns out to be useful. Indeed a LQG controller is proposed for a relative humidity under a greenhouse control task. So, the state space model, which is best fitting the acquired data, was identified using the Numerical Subspace State Space System IDentification (N4SID) algorithm. The mathematical model that is obtained will be used for evaluating the parameters of LQG strategy. The proposed controller is implemented in two steps, in one hand, Kalman filter (KF) is used to develop an observer that estimates the state of relative humidity under greenhouse. In the other hand, the state feedback controller gain is estimated using a linear quadratic criterion function. The suggested optimal implemented controller using Matlab/Simulink environment is applied to an experimental greenhouse. We found, according to the results, that the controller is able to lead the inside relative humidity to the desired value with high accuracy, regardless of the external disturbances

Uterine Inversion; A case report

The puerperal uterine inversion is a rare and severe complication occurring in the third stage of labour. The mechanisms are not completely known. However, extrinsic factors such as oxytocic arrests after a prolonged labour, umbilical cord traction or abdominal expression are pointed. Other intrinsic factors such as primiparity, uterine hypotonia, various placental localizations, fundic myoma or short umbilical cord were also reported. The diagnosis of the uterine inversion is mainly supported by clinical symptoms. It is based on three elements: haemorrhage, shock and a strong pelvic pain. The immediate treatment of the uterine inversion is required. It is based on a medical reanimation associated with firstly a manual reduction then surgical treatment using various techniques. We report an observation of a 25 years old grand multiparous patient with a subacute uterine inversion after delivery at home

Correspondance: A Rare Case of a Giant Pelvic Retroperitoneal Epidermoid Cyst

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Why and how does shared language affect subsidiary knowledge inflows? A social identity perspective

We draw on social identity theory to conceptualize a moderated mediation model that examines the relationship between shared language among subsidiary and HQ managers, and subsidiaries’ knowledge inflows from HQ. Specifically, we study (1) whether this relationship is mediated by the extent to which subsidiary managers share HQ goals and vision, and the extent to which HR decisions are centralized; and (2) whether subsidiary type moderates these mediated relationships. Building on a sample of 817 subsidiaries in nine countries/regions, we find support for our model. Implications for research on HQ-subsidiary knowledge flows, social identity theory and international HRM are discussed

The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research

This article provides a broad and multifaceted review of the received literature on business models in which the authors examine the business model concept through multiple subject-matter lenses. The review reveals that scholars do not agree on what a business model is and that the literature is developing largely in silos, according to the phenomena of interest of the respective researchers. However, the authors also found emerging common themes among scholars of business models. Specifically, (1) the business model is emerging as a new unit of analysis; (2) business models emphasize a system-level, holistic approach to explaining how firms “do business”; (3) firm activities play an important role in the various conceptualizations of business models that have been proposed; and (4) business models seek to explain how value is created, not just how it is captured. These emerging themes could serve as catalysts for a more unified study of business models