The Effect on the Uplift Resistance of Anchors of Ground Disturbance During Placing

In civil engineering works, anchors are sometimes used to support uplift of tensile forces. The installation of an anchor in the ground will inevitably cause a certain degree of disturbance to the soil around it. From a practical point of view this zone of disturbance does exist to a lesser or greater extent depending upon the types and shapes of anchor used and the surrounding soils. The work described in this thesis was primarily concerned with the effect of installation disturbance on the pullout capacity of a vertical circular plate anchor embedded in sand. As far as the author is aware, this particular anchor problem has not received much attention. Because of this no literature review which had a direct relevance to the present investigation was available. To date only Kulhawy (1985) has proposed tentative guidelines for the design of spread anchors embedded in a soil zone which had a density different from the surrounding soil mass. Nevertheless a brief summary of the available pullout theories on circular vertical plate anchor is presented. To investigate the effect of installation disturbance on the anchor pullout capacity, two types of sand bed were required. Firstly to offer a standard of comparison with disturbed sand beds, homogeneous sand beds were prepared in a sand container in order to carry out pullout tests on anchors with depth/diameter (D/B) ratios ranging from 3 to 15. Three states of homogeneous sand bed of unit weight 17.14, 16.40 and 15.75 KN/m3 of relative densities 92%, 70% and 49% respectively were used in this investigation. These sand beds represented the dense, medium and loose sand states in the context of the research. Three model circular anchors were used namely 25, 50 and 75mm diameter. The pullout tests on the anchors were performed under load-control and displacement-control so that a comparison could be made of the ultimate load on the anchor between these two types of test. It was found that under the load- controlled test the post peak load on the anchor could not be observed. The anchor pullout capacity curves expressed in terms of the breakout factor (Pu /gD) against the depth/ diameter ratio (D/B) between the dense and loose homogeneous sand beds were used as the upper and lower limits of the pullout capacity available. Secondly to simulate the effect of the installation procedure disturbed beds were prepared or formed in such a way that a volume of loose sand in the form of a cylinder was formed above the anchor position within a container filled with homogeneous sand beds of varying unit weights deposited from a spreader. The depths of anchor embedment D, were varied to produce a range of D/B ratios from 3 to 15. The unit weight of the loose homogeneous sand bed i.e. 15.75 KN/m3 was used as a basis for the formation of the cylindrical disturbed zone above the anchor plate. The width of the disturbed zone Bz, was varied in proportion to the anchor diameter B over the range of Bz/B = 1,2 and 3. Results from the pullout tests in the homogeneous sand beds showed that the author's tests were consistent with Fadl's (1981) experimental results. Particular attention was drawn to Fadl's work because his theory was used by the author as a preliminary step to establish his (the author's) theoretical uplift resistance for an anchor in a disturbed zone. From the tests carried out in the disturbed beds, the installation disturbance significantly affected the anchor pullout capacity especially when the ratio of Bz/B was greater than 1. The tests also showed that the value of Bz /B should be kept to a minimum and for a plate anchor the minimum possible value of Bz/B was 1. When the width of the zone of disturbance was increased to three anchor diameters, the results showed that the anchor pullout capacity embedded in a disturbed zone surrounded by a dense homogeneous sand bed, was similar to that anchor as if it were being pulled out from a bed which was wholly disturbed throughout the sand mass. A simple expression for the anchor uplift resistance in a disturbed zone derived from Fadl's equations is presented. The theoretical uplift resistance showed a reasonable agreement with the test results. Conclusions were drawn from the test results and the theoretical analysis. Due to the absence of other theoretical analyses and published works, it was not possible to make a comparison with the existing data. Finally suggestions were made and further works were proposed for the future

Effect of storage temperature and storage duration on biodiesel properties and characteristics

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 – 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 – 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges

Stress Analysis and Design of the Frame of a Personal Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles (EVs), as an emerging transportation platform, have been introduced over the past several decades due to various concerns about air pollution and the contribution of emissions to global climate change and due to road congestion. Electric vehicles are the answer and it has evolved to a personal electric vehicle (PEV) which is designed for a single person ride. PEV has a limited range of travel due to limitations of energy from the battery and weight of the vehicle itself that consumes power of the battery. Due to that, chassis of PEV has a potential to help reducing the weight of the vehicle. In this project an analysis on the chassis of sit-on cycle type PEV is made in order to determine the concentration of stress. Therefore, a lighter chassis can be designed without compromise with the necessary strength for convenient riding. The designed chassis is analyzed under working load with various condition of riding including road condition by using a finite element analysis. The reduction of mass from the new design with Aluminum-6061 is 63% without reducing the working load and structural requirement. Aluminum-6061 result with mass reduction on the PEV frame to 2 kg as compared to the Alloy-Steel frame which is 5.5 kg of mass. The reduction of PEV frame is contributed by two major factors which are the material of the frame and the geometry of the frame

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF ERROR CORRECTION TECHNIQUES IN UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Research in underwater acoustic networks has been developed rapidly to support large variety of applications such as mining equipment and environmental monitoring. As in terrestrial sensor networks; reliable data transport is demanded in underwater sensor networks. The energy efficiency of error correction technique should be considered because of the severe energy constraints of underwater wireless sensor networks. Forward error correction (FEC) andautomatic repeat request (ARQ) are the two main error correction techniques in underwater networks. In this paper, a mathematical energy efficiency analysis for FEC and ARQ techniques in underwater environment has been done based on communication distance and packet size. The effects of wind speed, and shipping factor are studied. A comparison between FEC and ARQ in terms of energy efficiency is performed; it is found that energy efficiency of both techniquesincreases with increasing packet size in short distances, but decreases in longer distances. There is also a cut-off distance below which ARQ is more energy efficient than FEC, and after which FEC is more energy efficient than ARQ. This cut-off distance decreases by increasing wind speed. Wind speed has great effecton energy efficiency where as shipping factor has unnoticeable effect on energy efficiency for both techniques

Chemical profile of compounds from lichens of Bukit Larut, Peninsular Malaysia

The lichen collection from Bukit Larut, Taiping, Malaysia in 1999 included Bulbothrix isidiza, Chrysothrix xanthina, Cladonia adspersa, C. verticillata, Coccocarpia palmicola, Heterodermia flabellata, H. japonica, H. obscurata, Hypotrachyna imbricatula, Leptogium azureum, Parmelinella wallichiana, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. clavuliferum, P. reticulatum, Pertusaria sp., Physma byrsaeum, Usnea baileyi and Usnea rubrotincta. Secondary metabolites could not be detected in three lichens, Coccocarpia palmicola, Leptogium azureum and Physma byrsaeum by HPLC and TLC analysis. The other 15 lichen species showed the presence of ten classes of compounds, depsides (10 compounds), depsidones (16), quinones (5), xanthones (2), naphthopyrones (1), pulvinic acid derivatives (1), diphenylethers (1), dibenzofurans (1), aliphatic acids (4) and terpenoids (3)

Mythology In Sulalatus Salatin: A Moral Responsibility In Fulfulling The King\u27s Vision

The Sulalatus Salatin is clearly a form of historical literature that contained a lot of stories, myth, especially during the period pre-Melaka until the existence of Melaka itself.The objective of this study is to identify the mythological aspect and its kinship with the king\u27s authority. The research will use cultural theories. Mythology has always been connected with the tales of gods which always have a kinship with the constituents of faith.This element usually associated with the beginning of a race or ancestral root of an individual, especially royalties which were invariably tied to the extraordinary & peculiar tales.In the essence, mythology is the tale of the origins which encompasses the roots of blood line, the name of a place, the arrival of Islam, etc. In the context of societal belief, mythology is not just something respectable, but the mythical event was thought to actually took place and studied as something sacred.This clearly proves that myth has already existed even before the emergence of Tun Seri Lanang as the author of Sulalatus Salatin. Therefore, this research is produced with the aim to observe the mythological elements in the text of Sulalatus Salatin and the role of its story as a moral duty in fulfilling the King\u27s wishes

Meat Characteristic of Crossbred Local Chicken Fed Inulin of Dahlia Tuber and Lactobacillus sp.

This study was conducted to evaluate the meat characteristic of crossbred local chicken fed diet containing both dahlia tuber powder as inulin source and probiotic Lactobacillus sp. The experimental animals were 168 crossbred local chickens which were randomly divided into 6 groups of treatment (4 replications each) when they were 21-d old. A completely randomized design with 2 x 3 factorial pattern consisted of 2 levels of prebiotic [(0.8% (D1) and 1.2% (D2)] and 3 levels of probiotic [without probiotic (L0), 1.2 mL (L1), and 2.4 mL (L2)] was arranged in the present study. One mL probiotic (Lactobacillus sp.) was equal to 108 cfu. Results showed that the supplementation of prebiotic and probiotic significantly (P<0.05) affected breast meat color in terms of L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness). The meat fat mass and cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by the combination of prebiotic and probiotic. The hardness of meat was not affected significantly by all treatments. The conclusion is that breast meat color could be improved, and both meat fat mass and cholesterol content could be decreased by feeding a combination of 1.2% dahlia tuber powder as inulin source and 1.2 mL probiotic Lactobacillus sp

Jet Sintering of High Temperature Carbon Steel Powder Particles

Cutting process by using abrasive saw produces millions of tiny sparkling particles ripped apart from the original material. These particles are sent to fly in the air for a few milliseconds before hitting a substrate. If remain untouched, this particles will be collected as an aggregate on the surface of the substrate. It will gradually form a small hill with some interesting characteristics to be studied further. So, in this project, the author had studied the microstructure of the collected particles and learned about the new mechanism of sintering inside the material. In order to achieve the objective, the author cut the material into few parts. Then, the author mounted, grinded, polished and etched each part of it. Then, the author studied the samples under optical microscope. The author will also used Micro Vickers harness testing to check its mechanical properties. From all these steps, the author managed to observe some of the steel microstructure from it. The author also calculated the porosity of the material under microscopy using scale approximation. The author was able to learn about new kind of mechanism inside the material which will help us to understand more about sintering process. As a conclusion, this project was based on research of new kind of mechanism involved in this material. It is just a matter of time for us to unlock the secrets of this technique, its mechanisms and the outcome from this proces

Efficiency of Fixed-Width Transect and Line-Transect-based Distance Sampling to Survey Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in Peninsular Malaysia

Reliable survey method is very important to estimate wildlife population. In this study, fixed-width strip- and line-transect samplings were simultaneously used to yield population estimates on oil palm plantation. The latter was found to be more accurate but less precise than the former based on the Per cent Relative Bias (hereafter PRB). Using the strip-transect, an overall density and abundance were estimated at 0.3237 birds/ha and 3 018 ± 273 birds (CV = 9.05%), respectively. An unbiased overall density generated by line-transect, D ± S.E. = 0.500 ± 0.069 birds/ha (95% CI: 0.38137 - 0.65521) and estimated total abundance, N ± S.E. was 4 661 ± 644 birds (95% CI: 3 556 - 6 109; CV = 13.81%) for the entire 9 323.53 ha study area. The former and latter method gave relative and absolute estimates, respectively

Sensitivity of Acehnese Varieties of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) to High Temperature Stress During Flowering Stage

. Rice is very sensitive to high temperature stress at the flowering stage. The rice plants were exposed to high temperature condition under green house. Some varieties show tolerance to heat stress, and the others are sensitive. Nine local Acehness varieties: Si Puteh, Itam Tangke Lango, Ramos Tihion Tamping, Sireundeun Semantok, Bo Santeut Seumantok, Pade Cut Krusek, Sipirok, Sigeudop and Cantek Lembayung were observed for high temperature stress during flowering stage. The objective of this research are: to identify the effect of heat stress on reproductive stage of local Acehnese, Indonesian rice; and to find the varieties that sensitive and hopefully have the gene of “temperature genic male sterility” (TGMS) that can be used as restorer varieties for production of hybrid rice. Heat stress significantly decreased pollen viability, plant architecture, and yield components. The pollen viability was observed by stainability and germination rate of the pollen. Based on pollen germination ability showed that one variety of rice, Sigeudop, showed tolerance to high temperature stress. Whereas the sensitive variety was Bo Santeut Seumantok, the local Indonesian rice that is potential to have TGMS gene. Pollen stainability showed that all varieties of pollen involved stainability from plants cultivation at high temperature, and all the varieties had the high rate of pollen stainability. We also found that pollen germination rate showed three varieties of rice cultivated in high temperature involved high resistance of the pollens