Utemeljitev dualnega modela za preučevanje legitimnosti v zaporskem okolju

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present a new theoretical approach for studying legitimacy in the prison environment, which we call the dual model of legitimacy in prisons. Design/Methods/Approach: Based on a literature review on legitimacy and self-legitimacy in the prison environment, we were able to form a new approach to studying legitimacy. Findings: Results of previous studies have shown that legitimacy is based on a constant dialogue between power holders and recipients. We argue that both groups (prisoners and prison staff) in prison should be studied simultaneously because legitimacy, which is based on the interpersonal relations formed between prisoners and prison staff, is not a fixed phenomenon. Given the changing nature of relations in prison, we can assume that perceptions of legitimacy and self-legitimacy are changing all the time. Research Limitations / Implications: The large number of factors included in the model raises the issue of multicollinearity. Further, because we assumed that legitimacy in prison derives from interpersonal relations between prison staff and prisoners, which are changing all the time, we have to measure legitimacy and self-legitimacy simultaneously. However, due to the ever-changing relations in prisons, which are very specific, we can assume that repetition of research would give different results – the problem of reliability of the results. Originality/Value: The dual model of legitimacy in prisons not only combines two different approaches to studying legitimacy (prisoners’ perception of legitimacy and prison staff’ perception of self-legitimacy), but also represents the first step to a comprehensive approach to studying legitimacy in prisons, which still needs to be tested in practice.Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je predstaviti nov teoretični pristop k raziskovanju legitimnosti v zaporskem okolju, ki smo ga poimenovali dualni model legitimnosti v zaporih. Metode: Na podlagi pregleda literature o legitimnosti in samozaznani legitimnosti v zaporu smo oblikovali nov pristop za raziskovanje legitimnosti v zaporskem okolju. Ugotovitve: Ugotovitve preteklih študij so pokazale, da legitimnost temelji na konstantnem dialogu med nosilci moči in prejemniki. Trdimo, da bi bilo treba obe skupini (obsojence in zaporsko osebje) v zaporu preučevati istočasno, saj legitimnost, ki temelji na medosebnih odnosih, ni nespremenljiv pojav. Predvidevamo, da se zaradi spreminjajoče se narave odnosov zaznave in samozaznave legitimnosti v zaporu konstantno spreminjajo. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Veliko število dejavnikov, vključenih v model, lahko vodi do problema multikolinearnosti. Legitimnost v zaporu temelji na odnosih med zaporskim osebjem in obsojenci, ki niso določeni, zato moramo zaznave in samozaznave legitimnosti v zaporu meriti istočasno, saj se le te venomer spreminjajo. Nadalje domnevamo, da bi s ponovitvijo študije zaradi spreminjajočih se odnosov v zaporu prišli do drugačnih rezultatov – težava z zanesljivostjo rezultatov. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Dualni model legitimnosti v zaporih ni le združitev dveh različnih pristopov preučevanja legitimnosti (zaznave legitimnosti obsojencev in samozaznave legitimnosti zaporskega osebja), temveč predstavlja tudi prvi korak k celovitejšemu pristopu preučevanja legitimnosti v zaporih. Naslednji korak je testiranje modela v praksi

Increased Cellular Uptake of Biocompatible Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles into Malignant Cells by an External Magnetic Field

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as delivery systems for different therapeutics including nucleic acids for magnetofection-mediated gene therapy. The aim of our study was to evaluate physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, cellular uptake and trafficking pathways of the custom-synthesized SPIONs for their potential use in magnetofection. Custom-synthesized SPIONs were tested for size, shape, crystalline composition and magnetic behavior using a transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and magnetometer. SPIONs were dispersed in different aqueous media to obtain ferrofluids, which were tested for pH and stability using a pH meter and zetameter. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTS and clonogenic assays. Cellular uptake and trafficking pathways were qualitatively evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and quantitatively by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. SPIONs were composed of an iron oxide core with a diameter of 8–9 nm, coated with a 2-nm-thick layer of silica. SPIONs, dispersed in 0.9% NaCl solution, resulted in a stable ferrofluid at physiological pH for several months. SPIONs were not cytotoxic in a broad range of concentrations and were readily internalized into different cells by endocytosis. Exposure to neodymium-iron-boron magnets significantly increased the cellular uptake of SPIONs, predominantly into malignant cells. The prepared SPIONs displayed adequate physicochemical and biomedical properties for potential use in magnetofection. Their cellular uptake was dependent on the cell type, and their accumulation within the cells was dependent on the duration of exposure to an external magnetic field

Mesozoic-Cenozoic crustaceans preserved within echinoid tests and bivalve shells

Associations of crustaceans with echinoids (Echinodermata) and bivalves (Mollusca) are not uncommon in modern oceans. Here we record the occurrence of anomurans, brachyurans and isopods within echinoid tests and bivalve shells from the Middle Jurassic of France, the Upper Jurassic of the Czech Republic, the Eocene of Croatia and the Miocene of Austria. Additionally a new genus and species of fossil cirolanid isopod from the Middle Jurassic of France is described. The present examples are interpreted as crustacean sheltering, probably for safe and undisturbed moulting (ecdysis), within a vacant host test or shell. However, accidental association (washed in) or even food remains cannot be ruled out entirelyWeb of Science90361160

Outer-Disk Populations in NGC 7793: Evidence for Stellar Radial Migration

We analyzed the radial surface brightness profile of the spiral galaxy NGC 7793 using HST/ACS images from the GHOSTS survey and a new HST/WFC3 image across the disk break. We used the photometry of resolved stars to select distinct populations covering a wide range of stellar ages. We found breaks in the radial profiles of all stellar populations at 280" (~5.1 kpc). Beyond this disk break, the profiles become steeper for younger populations. This same trend is seen in numerical simulations where the outer disk is formed almost entirely by radial migration. We also found that the older stars of NGC 7793 extend significantly farther than the underlying HI disk. They are thus unlikely to have formed entirely at their current radii, unless the gas disk was substantially larger in the past. These observations thus provide evidence for substantial stellar radial migration in late-type disks.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure. Accepted for publication in Ap

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-butyrate blunts negative age-related changes in body composition, functionality and myofiber dimensions in rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>To determine the effects of 16 wk. of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) administration on age-related changes in functionality and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) determined myofiber dimensions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twelve young (44 wk.), 6 middle-aged (60 wk.), 10 old (86 wk.), and 5 very old (102 wk.) male Fisher-344 rat's body composition and grip strength were assessed at baseline. Following, 6 young, 6 middle-aged, 5 old and 5 very old rats were sacrificed for baseline myofiber dimensions and gene transcript factor expression in the soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GAS). The remaining 6 young and 5 old rats were given HMB for 16 wk. and then sacrificed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fat mass increased in the middle-aged control condition (+49%) but not the middle-aged HMB condition. In addition, fat mass declined (-56%) in the old HMB condition but not the old control condition. Normalized strength declined and maintained respectively in the control and HMB conditions from 44 to 60 wk. and increased (+23%) (p < 0.05) from 86 to 102 wk. in only the HMB condition. Declines occurred in myofiber size in all muscles from 44 to 102 wk. in the control condition(-10 to -15%), but not HMB condition. Atrogin-1 mRNA expression in the SOL and GAS muscles was greater in the 102-wk control condition than all other conditions: SOL (+45%) and GAS (+100%). This elevation was blunted by HMB in the 102 wk. old SOL. There was a condition effect in the SOL for myogenin, which significantly increased (+40%) only in the 102-wk. HMB group relative to the 44-wk. group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>HMB may blunt age-related losses of strength and myofiber dimensions, possibly through attenuating the rise in protein breakdown.</p

Evidence of Υ(1S)→J/ψ+χc1\Upsilon(1S) \to J/\psi+\chi_{c1} and search for double-charmonium production in Υ(1S)\Upsilon(1S) and Υ(2S)\Upsilon(2S) decays

Using data samples of $102\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(1S)$ and $158\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, a first experimental search has been made for double-charmonium production in the exclusive decays $\Upsilon(1S,2S)\rightarrow J/\psi(\psi')+X$, where $X=\eta_c$, $\chi_{cJ} (J=~0,~1,~2)$, $\eta_c(2S)$, $X(3940)$, and $X(4160)$. No significant signal is observed in the spectra of the mass recoiling against the reconstructed $J/\psi$ or $\psi'$ except for the evidence of $\chi_{c1}$ production with a significance of $4.6\sigma$ for $\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1}$. The measured branching fraction \BR(\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1}) is $(3.90\pm1.21(\rm stat.)\pm0.23 (\rm syst.))\times10^{-6}$. The $90\%$ confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions of the other modes having a significance of less than $3\sigma$ are determined. These results are consistent with theoretical calculations using the nonrelativistic QCD factorization approach.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. The fit range was extended to include X(4160) signal according to referee's suggestions. Other results unchanged. Paper was accepted for publication as a regular article in Physical Review