818 research outputs found
Substitution in a sense
The Reference Principle (RP) states that co-referring expressions are everywhere intersubstitutable salva congruitate. On first glance, (RP) looks like a truism, but a truism with some bite: (RP) transforms difficult philosophical questions about co-reference into easy grammatical questions about substitutability. This has led a number of philosophers to think that we can use (RP) to make short work of certain longstanding metaphysical debates. For example, it has been suggested that all we need to do to show that the predicate â( ) is a horseâ does not refer to a property is point out that â( ) is a horseâ and âthe property of being a horseâ are not everywhere intersubstitutable salva congruitate. However, when we understand âsubstitutionâ in the simplest and most straightforward way, (RP) is no truism; in fact, natural languages are full of counterexamples to the principle. In this paper, I introduce a new notion of substitution, and then develop and argue for a version of (RP) that is immune to these counterexamples. Along the way I touch on the following topics: the relation between argument forms and their natural language instances; the reification of sense; the difference between terms and predicates; and the relation between reference and disquotation. I end by arguing that my new version of (RP) cannot be used to settle metaphysical debates quite as easily as some philosophers would like
Calculation of periodic roof weighting interval in longwall mining using finite element method
Lickometry: A novel and sensitive method for assessing functional deficits in rats after stroke
The need for sensitive, easy to administer assessments of long-term functional deficits is crucial in pre-clinical stroke research. In the present study, we introduce lickometry (lick microstructure analysis) as a precise method to assess sensorimotor deficits up to 40 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Impairments in drinking efficiency compared to controls, and a compensatory increase in the number of drinking clusters were observed. This highlights the utility of this easy to administer task in assessing subtle, long-term deficits, which could be likened to oral deficits in patients
New 26P(p,{\gamma})27S thermonuclear reaction rate and its astrophysical implication in rp-process
Accurate nuclear reaction rates for 26P(p,{\gamma})27S are pivotal for a
comprehensive understanding of rp-process nucleosynthesis path in the region of
proton-rich sulfur and phosphorus isotopes. However, large uncertainties still
exist in the current rate of 26P(p,{\gamma})27S because of the lack of the
nuclear mass and the energy level structure information of 27S. We reevaluate
this reaction rate using the experimentally constrained 27S mass, together with
the shell-model predicted level structure. It is found that the
26P(p,{\gamma})27S reaction rate is dominated by a direct-capture (DC) reaction
mechanism despite the presence of three resonances at E = 1.104, 1.597, 1.777
MeV above the proton threshold in 27S. The new rate is overall smaller than the
other previous rates from Hauser-Feshbach statistical model by at least one
order of magnitude in the temperature range of X-ray burst interest. In
addition, we consistently update the photodisintegration rate using the new 27S
mass. The influence of new rates of forward and reverse reaction in the
abundances of isotopes produced in rp-process is explored by post-processing
nucleosynthesis calculations. The final abundance ratio of 27S/26P obtained
using the new rates is only 10% of that from the old rate. The abundance flow
calculations show the reaction path 26P(p,{\gamma})27S(\b{eta}+,{\nu})27P is
not as important as thought previously for producing 27P. The adoption of the
new reaction rates for 26P(p,{\gamma})27S only reduces the final production of
aluminum by 7.1%, and has no discernible impact on the yield of other elements
Improving the biological interfacing capability of Improving the biological interfacing capability of diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers via p-type doping
Polydiketopyrrolopyrrole terthiophene (DPP3T), a high-performing conjugated polymer, holds great potential as active material for bioelectronics. Herein, its surface properties are modulated through p-type doping, thereby enhancing the cell behaviour on top of the doped films
Hadronic Atoms and Effective Interactions
We examine the problem of hadronic atom energy shifts using the technique of
effective interactions and demonstrate equivalence with the conventional
quantum mechanical approach.Comment: 22 page latex file with 2 figure
Separable potential model for interactions at low energies
The effective separable meson-baryon potentials are constructed to match the
equivalent chiral amplitudes up to the second order in external meson momenta.
We fit the model parameters (low energy constants) to the threshold and low
energy data. In the process, the -proton bound state problem is
solved exactly in the momentum space and the 1s level characteristics of the
kaonic hydrogen are computed simultaneously with the available low energy
cross sections. The model is also used to describe the
mass spectrum and the energy dependence of the amplitude.Comment: 31 pages, v2 - added corrections to make it compatible with the
published versio
Assessing depleted uranium (DU) contamination of soil, plants and earthworms at UK weapons testing sites
Depleted uranium (DU) weapons testing programmes have been conducted at two locations within the UK. An investigation was therefore carried out to assess the extent of any environmental contamination arising from these test programmes using both alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry techniques. Uranium isotopic signatures indicative of DU contamination were observed in soil, plant and earthworm samples collected in the immediate vicinity of test firing points and targets, but contamination was found to be localised to these areas. The paper demonstrates the superiority of the 235U:238U ratio over the 234U:238U ratio for identifying and quantifying DU contamination in environmental samples and also describes the respective circumstances under which alpha spectrometry or mass spectrometry may be the more appropriate analytical tool
A calculation of the Lepage-Mackenzie scale for the lattice axial and vector currents
We calculate the perturbative scales (q*) for the axial and vector currents
for the Wilson action, with and without tadpole improvement, using Lepage and
Mackenzie's formalism. The scale for the pseudoscalar density (times the mass)
is computed as well. Contrary to naive expectation, tadpole improvement reduces
q* by only a small amount for the operators we consider. We also discuss the
use of a nonperturbative coupling to calculate the perturbative scale.Comment: 13 pages. One postscript figur
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