Роль катепсина S в патофизиологии бронхиальной астмы

To date, the study of the role of proteases in the pathogenesis of various diseases remains relevant. The variety of cathepsin functions is associated with the peculiarities of their localization, expression, and regulation, due to which cathepsins are involved in development of many pathologies. Dysregulation of proteases, their inhibitors, and substrates can lead to the development of multiple organ dysfunction.The review presents data on the characteristics of the entire family of cathepsins and cathepsin S, in particular. The pathophysiological role of cathepsin S in the formation of bronchopulmonary pathologies, as well as in bronchial asthma is described, and intraand extracellular implementation mechanisms are considered. The authors believe it is this enzyme that could be targeted in targeted asthma therapy to prevent airway wall remodeling at the earliest stages of the disease. The literature search was carried out in the search engines Medline, eLibrary, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and RSCI.До настоящего времени сохраняет свою актуальность изучение роли ферментов – протеаз в патогенезе различных заболеваний. Многообразие функций катепсинов обусловлено особенностями их локализации, экспрессии и регуляции, благодаря чему они принимают участие в развитии многих патологических процессов. Дисрегуляция активности протеаз, их ингибиторов и субстратов может привести к развитию полиорганных заболеваний.В обзорной статье представлены данные о характеристике всего семейства катепсинов и катепсина S в частности; описаны его патофизиологические роли при формировании бронхолегочных патологий, а также при бронхиальной астме; освещены внутрии внеклеточные механизмы реализации. Авторы считают, именно этот фермент может стать мишенью для таргетной терапии астмы с целью предотвращения ремоделирования бронхиальной стенки на самых ранних этапах заболевания. Поиск литературы осуществлялся в поисковых системах Medline, еLibrary, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, РИНЦ

Kinetic study of the selective hydrogenation of styrene over a Pd egg-shell composite catalyst

This is a study on the kinetics of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of styrene to ethylbenzene over a catalyst of palladium supported on an inorganic–organic composite. This support has a better mechanical resistance than other commercial supports, e.g. alumina, and yields catalysts with egg-shell structure and a very thin active Pd layer. Catalytic tests were carried out in a batch reactor by varying temperature, total pressure and styrene initial concentration between 353–393 K, 10–30 bar, and 0.26–0.60 mol L−1. Kinetic models were developed on the assumptions of dissociative hydrogen chemisorption and non-negligible adsorption of hydrogen and styrene. Final chemical reaction expressions useful for reactor design were obtained. The models that best fitted the experimental data were those ones that considered the surface reaction as the limiting step. In this sense, a two-step Horiuti–Polanyi working mechanism with half hydrogenation intermediates gave the best fit of the experimental data. The heats of adsorption of styrene and ethylbenzene were also estimated.The authors are gratefully indebted to CONICET, ANPCyT and Universidad Nacional del Litoral for financially sponsoring this research work

Thin-film SnO₂ and ZnO detectors of hydrogen peroxide vapors

Thin-film hydrogen peroxide vapor sensors made from Co-doped SnO2 and La-doped ZnO were manufactured using the high-frequency magnetron sputtering method. Thicknesses of deposited doped metal oxide films were measured and their morphology was investigated. The gas sensing characteristics of the prepared sensors were measured at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide vapors and different operating temperatures of the sensor. It was found that both sensors made from doped metal oxides SnO2 and ZnO exhibit a sufficient response to 10 ppm of hydrogen peroxide vapors at the 200 and 220 °C operating temperature, respectively. It was established that the dependencies of the response on hydrogen peroxide vapor concentration have a linear character for prepared structures at the 150 °C operating temperature and can be used for determination of hydrogen peroxide vapor concentration

Metal ion-binding properties of (N3)-deprotonated uridine, thymidine, and related pyrimidine nucleosides in aqueous solution

The acidity constants for (N3)H of the uridine-type ligands (U) 5-fluorouridine, 5-chloro-2′-deoxyuridine, uridine, and thymidine (2′-deoxy-5-methyluridine) and the stability constants of the M(U–H)(+) complexes for M(2+) = Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+) were measured (potentiometric pH titrations; aqueous solution; 25°C; I = 0.1 M, NaNO(3)). Plots of [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] result in straight lines that are compared with previous plots for simple pyridine-type and o-amino(methyl)pyridine-type ligands as well as with the stabilities of the corresponding M(cytidine)(2+) complexes. The results indicate monodentate coordination to (N3)(–) in M(U–H)(+) for Co(2+) and Ni(2+). For the M(U–H)(+) species of Cd(2+), Zn(2+), or Cu(2+), increased stabilities imply that semichelates form, i.e., M(2+) is (N3)(–)-bound and coordinated water molecules form hydrogen bonds to (C2)O and (C4)O; these “double” semichelates are in equilibrium with “single” semichelates involving either (C2)O or (C4)O and possibly also with four-membered chelates for which M(2+) is innersphere-coordinated to (N3)(–) and a carbonyl oxygen. For the alkaline earth ions, semichelates dominate with the M(2+) outersphere bound to (N3)(–) and innersphere to one of the carbonyl oxygens. Mn(U–H)(+) is with its properties between those of Cd(2+) (which probably also hold for Pb(2+)) and the alkaline earth ions. In nucleic acids, M(2+)–C(O) interactions are expected, if support is provided by other primary binding sites. (N3)H may possibly be acidified via carbonyl-coordinated M(2+) to become a proton donor in the physiological pH range, at which direct (N3)(–) binding of M(2+) also seems possible

Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass is Associated With Endothelial Glycocalyx Degradation.

BACKGROUND: The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is involved in critical regulatory mechanisms that maintain endothelial vascular integrity. We hypothesized that prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be associated with EG degradation. We performed an analysis of soluble syndecan-1 levels in relation to duration of CPB, as well as factors associated with cell stress and damage, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and inflammation. METHODS: Blood samples from subjects undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB (n = 54) were obtained before and during surgery, 4-8 h and 24 h after completion of CPB, and on postoperative day 4. Flow cytometry was used to determine subpopulations of white blood cells. Plasma levels of mtDNA were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and plasma content of shed syndecan-1 was measured. To determine whether syndecan-1 was signaling white blood cells, the effect of recombinant syndecan-1 on mobilization of neutrophils from bone marrow was tested in mice. RESULTS: CPB is associated with increased mtDNA during surgery, increased syndecan-1 blood levels at 4-8 h, and increased white blood cell count at 4-8 h and 24 h. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between time on CPB and syndecan-1 (r CONCLUSIONS: Longer duration of CPB is associated with increased plasma levels of soluble syndecan-1, a signal for EG degradation, which can induce neutrophil egress from the bone marrow. Development of therapy targeting EG shedding may be beneficial in patients with prolonged CPB