“Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika”

« Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika ». De l’esprit indépendant à la mobilisation politique. – « Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika » (Que Dieu bénisse l’Afrique), connu comme l’hymne africain, est un signifiant puissant pour le deuil, la rédemption et la célébration. Les tonalités méthodistes et les paroles du chant puisent leurs racines dans les contacts culturels avec les missionnaires. Ce chant occupe aussi une place importante dans le répertoire cérémonial de nombreuses églises indépendantes et a été traduit en plusieurs langues. Il fut également adopté par l’African National Congress (anc) puis par l’État sud-africain sous Nelson Mandela comme hymne national. Dans ses versions religieuses, le texte met l’accent sur le deuil du passé africain et se présente comme une prière pour la rédemption par Jésus et le Saint-Esprit. Les versions séculaires éliminent toute référence à Jésus et insistent sur l’inspiration spirituelle et l’élévation morale nécessaires aux dirigeants africains. Dans la version religieuse, l’Afrique occupe alors de manière métonymique la place d’un ancêtre disparu, vivant dans l’éternité en attendant la rédemption. Le chant politique transforme cette éternité en un présent dynamique, une vision de progrès. C’est à la fois un chant funèbre, un appel à l’espoir et un cri de joie. L’analyse des différentes versions de ce chant montre comment les notions de deuil et de rédemption influencent les idéaux religieux et la mobilisation politique. Les notions millénaires de temps se mêlent aux réalités politiques dans lesquelles l’Afrique devient elle-même la victime et l’héroïne d’un nouveau récit. Nous concluons cet article par une discussion sur le deuil comme paysage de mémoire et pratique symbolique dans les religions populaires et civiles en Afrique.“Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” (“God Bless Africa”), known as the African anthem, is a powerful signifier for mourning, redemption, and celebration. The Methodist hymnody patterns and the text of the song belie its roots in missionary cultural contact. The song also figures prominently in the ceremonial repertoire of many independent churches and has been translated into several languages. Adoption of the song by the African National Congress (anc and subsequently by the South African state under Nelson Mandela as a national anthem are further iterations in its trajectory. In the religious versions, the text emphasizes mourning for Africa’s past and a prayer for redemption through Jesus and the Holy Spirit. The secular versions eliminate the reference to Jesus and focus on the spiritual inspiration and uplift needed by Africa’s leaders. Africa metonymically occupies the space of a departed ancestor, living in a timeless eternity while waiting for redemption in the religious version. The political song transforms this timeless eternity into an active present and an opportunity for future progress. It creates a landscape of memory that spans religious and political domains of action. Analyzing the contrasting versions of “God Bless Africa” reflects how concepts of mourning and redemption influence religious ideals and political mobilization. Millenarian notions of time interface with political realities in which Africa itself becomes both the victim and the hero of a new narrative. This paper concludes with a discussion of mourning as a landscape of memory and symbolic practice in African popular and civil religion

‘How, for God’s sake, can I be a good Muslim?' Gambian Youth in Search of a Moral Lifestyle

By analysing the case study of a young Muslim man's conversion within and between different expressions of Islam in the Gambia, this article challenges common understandings of conversion that see it as a transition from one form of religious belief or identity to another, as well as theories of Islam's place in Africa that distinguish between ‘local’ traditions and ‘world’ religions. The ethnographic case study illustrates that, for Gambian youth, conversion is not a unilinear path but entails the continuous making of moral negotiations and a preparedness to reflect on the ambiguity of selfhood – an inevitable result of the making of these negotiations

A Paradigm for Looking : Cross-Cultural Research with Visual Media

" Comprehensively developed and discussed in this volume, this perceptible new methodology can be used for analysis of any informant-made visual production, from home movies to films in different contexts and social areas. The authors incisively demonstrate three underlying points : how informant-made media reflect existing communicative conventions within each structutr, the structure of media forms as statements on cultural settings, the format and manner by which content is segmented for structural properties in each group's cultural setting. " -- Front flap of the book

Edmund Husserl in Talcott Parsons : Analytical Realism and Phenomenology

This article aims at clarifying the philosophical (=phenomenological) implication of Talcott Parsons’s analytical realism. Generally, his theory is understood as being confrontational to phenomenology; however, in his first book, The Structure of Social Action, Parsons positively referred to Husserl’s Logical Investigations. They shared a sense of crisis: Husserl thought that there was no certain basis in modern science, and Parsons had the feeling that there was no common theory to establish sociology as a science. Thus, both of them criticized the factual sciences of positivism (positivistic empiricism) and showed a strong orientation to the general theory. For this, they depended on conceptual realism (Platonic realism). According to Husserl, scientific knowledge will be arbitrary if the Ideal is not there as the norm of fact. He believed that in truth all people always see Ideas. Similarly, Parsons thought that in truth all people always act toward the Ideal, because the Ideal element is necessarily found through the logical framework of sociology, i.e., the action frame of reference. Hence, he maintained that the Ideal element that gives a normative orientation to actions is real, though analytical, insofar as the social order is established