Adolescent Resilience: Promotive Factors That Inform Prevention

Resilience theory provides a framework for studying and understanding how some youths overcome risk exposure and guides the development of interventions for prevention using a strengths‐based approach. In this article, we describe basic concepts of the theory, such as promotive factors, and distinguish assets and resources that help youths overcome the negative effects of risk exposure. We also present three models of resilience theory—compensatory, protective, and challenge—and review empirical research on three promotive factors—ethnic identity, social support, and prosocial involvement—that include individual, family, and community levels of analysis and have modifiable qualities for informing interventions. Finally, we present examples of how research findings from the three promotive factors can be translated into interventions to enhance youth development.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101789/1/cdep12042.pd

Chance v. BP Chemical, Inc.: Changing Ohio\u27s Perception of Stigma Damages

An increased public awareness of environmental hazards has filled the courts with plaintiffs seeking damages for the potential harm a contaminant may cause. Typically, the principle of damages is a simple one, requiring only that some type of harm or injury has occurred. When no such injury has occurred, plaintiffs still pursue claims under the theory of “stigma damages.” However, the majority of courts have held that stigma damages alone cannot be recovered, and instead, actual physical impact is required before a court will award damages. Ohio courts had previously reached conflicting conclusions on the issue of stigma damages. Recently however, in Chance v. BP Chem., Inc., the Ohio Supreme Court held that it will not permit plaintiffs to rely on allegations of stigma. This case walks through the Chance opinion in Parts II-V. Part VI discusses some other Ohio stigma cases. Parts VII and VIII then look at the potential impacts of the Chance decision on public policy and it’s general reach

Chance v. BP Chemical, Inc.: Changing Ohio\u27s Perception of Stigma Damages

An increased public awareness of environmental hazards has filled the courts with plaintiffs seeking damages for the potential harm a contaminant may cause. Typically, the principle of damages is a simple one, requiring only that some type of harm or injury has occurred. When no such injury has occurred, plaintiffs still pursue claims under the theory of “stigma damages.” However, the majority of courts have held that stigma damages alone cannot be recovered, and instead, actual physical impact is required before a court will award damages. Ohio courts had previously reached conflicting conclusions on the issue of stigma damages. Recently however, in Chance v. BP Chem., Inc., the Ohio Supreme Court held that it will not permit plaintiffs to rely on allegations of stigma. This case walks through the Chance opinion in Parts II-V. Part VI discusses some other Ohio stigma cases. Parts VII and VIII then look at the potential impacts of the Chance decision on public policy and it’s general reach

Small but crucial : the novel small heat shock protein Hsp21 mediates stress adaptation and virulence in Candida albicans

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Organized Activity Participation and Positive Youth Development: Trajectories and Mechanisms.

Participation in organized activities plays a key role in positive youth development (PYD). Few researchers have considered the possibility of multiple participation trajectories during the high school years, predisposing and contextual factors that may influence trajectory group membership and how various trajectories may be associated with young adult outcomes. Furthermore, few researchers have explicitly examined PYD as a mechanism by which organized activities influence youth outcomes. I used growth mixture modeling with longitudinal data from African American adolescents attending urban high schools to identify latent classes of participation (N=681 Wave 1, 49% male). I examined how predisposing risk and promotive factors and ecological contexts were related to participation trajectory subgroups. I investigated if subgroup membership predicted psychological well-being, substance use, educational and employment-related outcomes in young adulthood. I also used structural equation modeling to investigate if PYD mediated the relationship between participation and relational aggression among a diverse sample of early adolescents (N=196, 60% female). My results indicated three participation trajectories during the high school years: low, decreasing class (74% of the respondents); moderate, consistent class (21%) and moderate, increasing class (5%). Results indicated that, net of sociodemographic and self-selection factors, substance use, parent support and participation across contexts were associated with trajectory class membership. I also found that psychological well-being, substance use and educational attainment in young adulthood differed by participation trajectory class. Finally, I found that PYD partially mediated the relationship between participation and relational aggression. My results suggest that early substance use may reduce the likelihood of participation over time in activities that support positive development. Participation across contexts may promote participation over time. Young people who expand their participation over time may be more likely to experience the positive effects of this involvement into young adulthood. My results also support the idea that the positive effects of participation operate in part through building assets and resources related to PYD. This research suggests that efforts to address barriers to participation and enhance opportunities for involvement may be helpful for development of skills and resources that adolescents need to become healthy, productive adults.PhDHealth Behavior and Health EducationUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110322/1/aeisman_1.pd

Sequence variants in the PTCH1 gene associate with spine bone mineral density and osteoporotic fractures

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure of osteoporosis and is useful in evaluating the risk of fracture. In a genome-wide association study of BMD among 20,100 Icelanders, with follow-up in 10,091 subjects of European and East-Asian descent, we found a new BMD locus that harbours the PTCH1 gene, represented by rs28377268 (freq. 11.4–22.6%) that associates with reduced spine BMD (P=1.0 × 10−11, β=−0.09). We also identified a new spine BMD signal in RSPO3, rs577721086 (freq. 6.8%), that associates with increased spine BMD (P=6.6 × 10−10, β=0.14). Importantly, both variants associate with osteoporotic fractures and affect expression of the PTCH1 and RSPO3 genes that is in line with their influence on BMD and known biological function of these genes. Additional new BMD signals were also found at the AXIN1 and SOST loci and a new lead SNP at the EN1 locus

Hsp90 orchestrates transcriptional regulation by Hsf1 and cell wall remodelling by MAPK signalling during thermal adaptation in a pathogenic yeast

Acknowledgments We thank Rebecca Shapiro for creating CaLC1819, CaLC1855 and CaLC1875, Gillian Milne for help with EM, Aaron Mitchell for generously providing the transposon insertion mutant library, Jesus Pla for generously providing the hog1 hst7 mutant, and Cathy Collins for technical assistance.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Trajectories of organized activity participation among urban adolescents: Associations with young adult outcomes

Organized activity participation provides opportunities for adolescents to develop assets that may support favorable outcomes in young adulthood. Activity participation may be especially beneficial for marginalized youth because they are likely to face stressors that increase risk of negative outcomes. We used growth mixture modeling to identify activity participation trajectories among African American adolescents in an urban, disadvantaged community (Wave 1: mean age = 14.86 years, standard deviation = 0.64; 49% male, N = 681). We also investigated if young adult outcomes differed by participation trajectory subgroups, the results of which suggested that a 3‐class model best fit the data: low initial and decreasing levels of participation (74%); moderate initial and consistent (21%); and moderate initial and increasing (5%). Adolescents in the increasing class reported higher life satisfaction and lower substance use in young adulthood compared to the decreasing class. Youth who increase participation in activities over time may experience greater opportunities for building assets related to positive development that support health and well‐being into young adulthood.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136459/1/jcop21863.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136459/2/jcop21863_am.pd

High morbid-mortability and reduced level of osteoporosis diagnosis among elderly people who had hip fractures in São Paulo City

OBJECTIVE: To know the morbid-mortality following an osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly patients living in São Paulo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study evaluated prospectively all patient over 60 years admitted in 2 school-hospitals in the city of São Paulo in a following 6-month period due to a osteoporotic proximal femur fracture. All of them filled up the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and had their chart reviewed. After 6 months they were re-interviewed. Linear regression analysis was utilized to determine the factors related to functional ability. RESULTS: 56 patients were included (mean age 80.7 ± 7.9 years old, 80.4% females). After the 6-month follow up the mortality rate was 23.2%. Only 30% of the patients returned to their previous activities, and 11.6% became totally dependent. Factors related to worse functional ability after fracture were HAQ before fracture, institutionalization after fracture and age (r² 0.482). The diagnosis of osteoporosis was informed only by 13.9% of them, and just 11.6% received any treatment for that. CONCLUSION: Our results showed the great impact of these fractures on mortality and in the functional ability of these patients. Nevertheless, many of our physicians do not inform the patients about the diagnosis of osteoporosis and, consequently, the treatment of this condition is jeopardized.As fraturas osteoporóticas de fêmur proximal trazem graves conseqüências quanto à morbimortalidade e à qualidade de vida, mas desconhece-se este impacto no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Conhecer a morbimortalidade decorrente deste tipo de fraturas em idosos na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com mais de 60 anos internados por fraturas de fêmur proximal durante seis meses, em dois hospitais de São Paulo. Os pacientes preencheram o questionário de capacidade funcional (HAQ), tiveram seu prontuário examinado e foram reavaliados após seis meses. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão linear para determinar os fatores relacionados à capacidade funcional. RESULTADOS: Cinqüenta e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo (80,7 ± 7,9 anos; 80,4% mulheres). A mortalidade em seis meses foi de 23,2%. Apenas 30% retornaram plenamente às suas atividades prévias e 11,6% tornaram-se completamente dependentes. Os fatores que mais bem conseguiram prever pior capacidade funcional após a fratura foram HAQ pré-fratura, institucionalização pós-fratura e idade (r² 0,482). Somente 13,9% receberam o diagnóstico de osteoporose e 11,6% iniciaram algum tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram o impacto deste tipo de fraturas sobre a mortalidade e a capacidade funcional. Entretanto, a falha médica no diagnóstico e na orientação de tratamento da osteoporose permanece elevada.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Departamento de OrtopediaUNIFESP-EPM EPMUNIFESP, EPM, EPMSciEL

Implementing a State‐Adopted High School Health Curriculum: A Case Study

BACKGROUNDThe Michigan Model for Health™ (MMH) is the official health curriculum for the State of Michigan and prevailing policy and practice has encouraged its adoption. Delivering evidence‐based programs such as MMH with fidelity is essential to program effectiveness. Yet, most schools do meet state‐designated fidelity requirements for implementation (delivering 80% or more of the curriculum).METHODSWe collected online survey (N = 20) and in‐person interview (N = 5) data investigating fidelity and factors related to implementation of the MMH curriculum from high school health teachers across high schools in one socioeconomically challenged Michigan county and key stakeholders.RESULTSWe found that 68% of teachers did not meet state‐identified standards of fidelity for curriculum delivery. Our results indicate that factors related to the context and implementation processes (eg, trainings) may be associated with fidelity. Teachers reported barriers to program delivery, including challenges with adapting the curriculum to suit their context, competing priorities, and meeting students’ needs on key issues such as substance use and mental health issues.CONCLUSIONSMultiple factors influence the fidelity of health curriculum delivery in schools serving low‐income students. Investigating these factors guided by implementation science frameworks can inform use of implementation strategies to support and enhance curriculum delivery.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155483/1/josh12892_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155483/2/josh12892.pd