The Evaluation of Rural Budget Alocation Effectivity to Motoling Timur District Minahasa Selatan Regency

Allocation of funds village is part of the balance funds received district / city, village fund allocation of at least 10% of the balance funds received by the district / city in the budget revenue and expenditure net of fund special allocation. The purpose of the Village Fund Allocation (ADD) is to Improve the organization of village government in carrying out government services and community development in accordance with its authority, Improve the ability of an association of villages and village in the planning, implementation and control of participatory development in accordance with the potential of the village, improving income distribution , employment and business opportunities for rural and urban communities, non-governmental Encourage increased mutual aid society.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of the effectiveness of the allocation of funds in the village of East Motoling District of South Minahasa District. Data collection techniques in this research is through: Observation of the direct observation to the study site, melakukakan Interviews and Documentation.The evaluation result shows that the allocation of funds village in the district East Motoling not effective because there are still some things that are not appropriate as the manufacture of the plan to use the village fund allocation that does not involve people who mislead people do not know exactly to what the actual village fund allocation. Likewise, there is a budget that is used only for personal and group interests such as technical guidance old law that has all the roads when it would be better if the allocation of the funds are used for community development. In addition, the supervision of the district governments are still lacking that causes the allocation of village funds are not utilized properly

Alterações na matéria orgânica e nas características químicas de um Podzol hidromórfico sob pastagens cultivadas no Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense.

Estudou-se uma cronosseqüência de introdução de pastagens cultivadas em áreas com 10 e 20 anos de implantação, tendo uma área de Cerrado intacto como referência. Coletaram-se amostras até 40cm de profundidade ao longo de dois transectos, para cálculo dos estoques de C e N e determinações químicas. Também abriram-se trincheiras e coletaram-se amostras de solo até 1m de profundidade, para estudo das variações nos conteúdos de C e N no perfil. Após 10 anos de cultivo, o solo apresentou aumento no teor de bases trocáveis e na capacidade de troca catiônica, e diminuição da acidez. Entretanto, após 20 anos, os teores de bases trocáveis e a capacidade de troca catiônica diminuíram e a acidez aumentou, indicando tendência do sistema de retornar ao equilíbrio antigo. O fósforo apresentou diminuição nos teores em função do cultivo, porém, após 20 anos de cultivo os seus teores ainda eram satisfatórios. Observaram-se redução de 28% no conteúdo de C na camada de 0-40cm na área sob pastagem de 20 anos e alteração na proporção relativa das frações húmicas. No Cerrado intacto e na pastagem de 20 anos predominou a fração ácido fúlvico; sob pastagem de 10 anos, humina. Não se observou diferença significativa nos conteúdos de nitrogênio entre as áreas estudadas.bitstream/item/37423/1/BP29.pd

13C e a Dinâmica do carbono orgânico do solo em Pastagem cultivada no Pantanal Sul-mato-grossense.

O regime cíclico de cheias do Pantanal ocasiona épocas críticas de disponibilidade de forragens nativas, base alimentar do rebanho bovino de corte, principal atividade econômica da região. Isso tem levado a alterações no sistema de produção tradicional, através da introdução de pastagens cultivadas, principalmente em "cordilheiras". A substituição da vegetação nativa por sistemas cultivados pode modificar as características físicas e químicas do solo, bem como da matéria orgânica, tanto do ponto de vista quantitativo como qualitativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações na matéria orgânica de um solo ESPODOSSOLO FERROCÁRBICO Hidromórfico decorrentes da introdução de Brachiaria decumbens, em área de cerrado não inundável na sub-região da Nhecolândia, Pantanal Mato-Grossense, através da técnica do 13C. As amostragens foram realizadas numa fazenda da sub-região da Nhecolândia (porção sul do cone aluvial do rio Taquari) MS, em áreas de pastagem cultivada com 10 e 20 anos de implantação e de vegetação nativa, constituída por cerrado, sobre solos ESPODOSSOLO FERROCÁRBICO Hidromórfico. Foram abertas trincheiras no topo do terreno de cada área, com 1,5 m de profundidade, e coletadas amostras de solo até 1 m de profundidade (0-10, 10-20 cm e a partir daí, de 20 em 20 cm). Foram feitas as seguintes determinações: carbono orgânico para todas as amostras; densidade aparente para amostras até 40 cm de profundidade; e 13C para amostras das camadas 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Foi observado que o conteúdo da matéria orgânica do solo, expresso em tC/ha, com a introdução da pastagem aumentou 55% para a camada de 0-40 cm, após 20 anos de cultivo, sendo que 29% do carbono do solo, na camada 0-20 cm, foi originário da vegetação nativa. A incorporação anual de carbono no solo pela pastagem foi estimada em 1,0 t/ha.bitstream/CPAP/55921/1/BP74.pdfFormato Eletrônico

Effect of a Lactobacillus sakei and Staphylococcus xylosus protective culture on Listeria monocytogenes growth and quality traits of Italian fresh sausage (salsiccia) stored at abusive temperature

Fresh sausages are not always thoroughly cooked before consumption and can support the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, especially when stored at incorrect temperatures. The aim of this study was to verify the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Italian salsiccia stored at 2 °C, 7 °C and 12 °C for 9 days (t9) with (PC+) and without (PC–) a commercial protective culture (Lactobacillus sakei and Staphylococcus xylosus). L. monocytogenes PC + counts were statistically different from PC–, after 7 days (t7) at 7 °C and at 12 °C. At 2 °C, they increased in PC + by 0.03 and 0.36 log CFU/g vs. 0.25 and 0.91 in PC–, at t7 and t9. Moreover, quality characteristics (total aerobic counts, colour parameters, TBARS values, pH, sensory attributes) were assessed in fresh sausages stored at 7 °C. Significant differences were obtained in PC + samples at t7 for Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (about 2 log CFU/g). Yeasts and moulds and Brochothrix thermosphacta were also significantly lower in PC + samples. PC + samples were more acidic than PC–, with statistically different colour parameters values particularly at the external surface; raw sausages resulted sensorially discernible at t7, whereas PC + and PC– cooked samples did not show any significant sensory difference. The studied protective culture proved to be a useful tool to increase safety and microbiological quality of salsiccia at abusive storage temperature, effectively limiting the growth of L. monocytogenes and Gram negative spoilage microorganisms, with some sensory drawbacks, especially at the end of the shelf life.HIGHLIGHTS The tested culture improves the microbial safety of salsiccia. It reduces the growth of spoilage microorganisms, especially Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. It mainly influences colour and acidity evolution of the raw product with no sensory drawbacks in the cooked product

Conversion of Cerrado into agricultural land in the south-western amazon: carbon stocks and soil fertility.

Mudanças de uso da terra e práticas de manejo modificam a dinâmica do C e a fertilidade do solo. Este estudo avaliou as implicações dos sistemas de cultivo (NT e CT) nos estoques de C e de nutrientes e identificou inter-relações entre estes estoques e outros atributos da fertilidade do solo em Latossolo após a mudança do uso da terra no cerrado amazônico. Os estoques de C e de nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) ajustados pela massa equivalente do solo sob cerrado (CE), foram maiores principalmente sob NT. Após a adoção do NT, exceto em 2NT, os estoques de C foram maiores em relação às demais áreas avaliadas. Correlações entre estoques de C e de nutrientes revelaram algumas correlações positivas com Ca e Mg nas áreas sob NT, devido ao uso continuo de calcário, à maior quantidade de resíduos culturais e ao não revolvimento do solo, associado à correlações positivas com CTC, saturação por bases e pH. A correlação positiva (r = 0,91, p < 0,05) entre estoques de C e CTC em CE indica a importante contribuição da MOS na CT de solos tropicais, embora os sítios de troca estejam ocupados principalmente por H + Al. Estoques de P e K mostraram correlações positivas com estoques de C em CE (0,81 e 0,82; respectivamente), indicando a alta relação de P e K com a MOS em ecossistemas naturais. A alta variabilidade espacial associada à aplicação de fertilizantes (P e K) no sulco de plantio pode ter mascarado os resultados dos estoques. A principal fonte destes nutrientes para o solo foi o fertilizante aplicado e não a MOS

Genital brucella suis biovar 2 infection of wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in tuscany (Italy)

Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by different Brucella species. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) could be infected by some species and represents an important reservoir, especially for B. suis biovar 2. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Brucella spp. by serological and molecular assays in wild boar hunted in Tuscany (Italy) during two hunting seasons. From 287 animals, sera, lymph nodes, livers, spleens, and reproductive system organs were collected. Within sera, 16 (5.74%) were positive to both rose bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT), with titres ranging from 1:4 to 1:16 (corresponding to 20 and 80 ICFTU/mL, respectively). Brucella spp. DNA was detected in four lymph nodes (1.40%), five epididymides (1.74%), and one fetus pool (2.22%). All positive PCR samples belonged to Brucella suis biovar 2. The results of this investigation confirmed that wild boar represents a host for B. suis biovar. 2 and plays an important role in the epidemiology of brucellosis in central Italy. Additionally, epididymis localization confirms the possible venereal transmission

Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine bulk-tank milk: Effects of the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants for teat-dipping

Teat-dipping is one of the most effective methods to prevent mammary infections in ruminants, including sub-clinical mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Improper disinfectant application could expose microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations leading to phenotypic variations. In this study, 12 chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHDG)-tolerant (of which 4 qac positive) and 12 benzalkonium chloride (BC)-tolerant (of which 7 qac-positive) CoNS isolates from ovine milk were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHDG and BC, respectively. Changes in disinfectant susceptibility against BC and CHDG, antibiotic resistance against 12 antibiotics and biofilm production were then assessed for both groups. After CHDG stress, 67 % and 83 % of the CHDG-stressed isolates doubled their MICs for BC and CHDG, respectively and 2 qac-negative isolates showed a four-fold increase of their MBCs for CHDG. After BC stress, MICs for BC and CHDG doubled in 58 % and 83 % of the BC-stressed isolates, respectively, while one qac-positive isolate increased four-fold the MIC for BC. Cross-resistance to antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion method. Some qac-positive isolates varied their resistance profile, while a blaZ-positive isolate showed a resistant phenotype against ampicillin only after the exposure to the disinfectant. As for qac-positive isolates, one CHDG-stressed and 2 BC-stressed increased their resistance to kanamycin and cefoxitin, respectively. The Congo Red Agar test was carried out to assess the in vitro slime production: all isolates were negative after stress. In conclusion, sub-inhibitory exposure to disinfectants may affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility, the latter in particular for qac-positive isolates and those hosting unexpressed antibiotic resistance genes

Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm quark in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production of a W boson in association with a single charm quark is studied using 4.6 fb−1 of pp collision data at s√ = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In events in which a W boson decays to an electron or muon, the charm quark is tagged either by its semileptonic decay to a muon or by the presence of a charmed meson. The integrated and differential cross sections as a function of the pseudorapidity of the lepton from the W-boson decay are measured. Results are compared to the predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD calculations obtained from various parton distribution function parameterisations. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea-quark distributions is determined to be 0.96+0.26−0.30 at Q 2 = 1.9 GeV2, which supports the hypothesis of an SU(3)-symmetric composition of the light-quark sea. Additionally, the cross-section ratio σ(W + +c¯¯)/σ(W − + c) is compared to the predictions obtained using parton distribution function parameterisations with different assumptions about the s−s¯¯¯ quark asymmetry