A Study on Relationship between Body Condition Score (BCS) and Milk Yield, Fat and Solids-Not-Fat Percent in Murrah Graded Buffaloes under Field Conditions

The present experiment was a study on the relationship of Body Condition Score with milk yield, fat and solids-not-fat percent in murrah graded buffaloes under field conditions. In this murrah graded buffaloes from different commercial farms of Guntur and Krishna districts were selected. Total of 150 murrah graded buffaloes of different parities (1st to 6th parities) were selected. Various parameters like BCS, related to average milk yield, fat per cent, SNF per cent was taken into consideration for the present study and a correlated study of BCS and the milk yield was studied. The selected animals were divided into four groups based on BCS as 2.5-2.99, 3.0-3.49, 3.5-3.99, 4.0-4.49. The mean BCS values of 2.5-2.99, 3.0-3.49, 3.5-3.99, 4.0-4.49 were 2.62, 3.25, 3.56 and 4.25 respectively. Highest milk yield was recorded in second month of lactation and lowest in first month of lactation with 9.445±0.15 and 6.18±0.08 kg per day, respectively. The buffaloes with BCS 4.0-4.49 yielded higher milk yield when compared to other groups. Highest fat and SNF percent was observed in the animals with BCS 4.0-4.49 when compared with others. The BCS had showed high positive correlation with SNF (0.44) and milk yield (0.41). View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.00

Studies on heavy metal pollution in selected edible bivalves of North Kerala

The primary purpose of the present work was to study the presence and distribution of certain heavy metals in the bivalve molluscs, Crassostrea madrasensis, Saccostrea cucullata and Sunetta scripta of the estuarine and mangrove areas of North Kerala. Estimation of metal contents were also done in the sediment and water samples obtained from areas where the bivalves were collected to know the source and accumulation trend. It has been observed that, bivalves accumulated most of the heavy metals several times more than that found in water. Accumulation of zinc was found highest followed by Copper, Cadmium and Mercury in the months of November - December in all stations; during the entire period of study in the bivalves as well as In sediments. Copper was found more in the water samples. While Cadmium was detected above the permissible level in the bivalves in all the stations during the entire period of study, mercury contents were above the permissible limits in bivalves during certain months (mainly August - September) in all the stations. The pattern of accumulation in different bivalves did not exhibit much difference. The biomagnification of heavy metals was maximum in Saccostrea cucullata followed by Crassostrea madrasensis and Sunetta scripta. ANOVA was done for the monthly variation of metal contents in bivalve of each station and observed significant difference in some months. No correlation could be discernible between metal concentration in bivalves and aquatic abiotic parameters such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and length of the animal collected from different estuaries and mangrove areas

5-Bromo­pyrimidin-2(1H)-one

The geometric parameters of the title compound, C4H3BrN2O, are in the usual ranges. The crystal packing is characterized by N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and short O⋯Br contacts

Ethyl 4-(3-bromo-2-thien­yl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl­cyclo­hex-3-ene-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C19H17BrO3S, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The methyl group of one mol­ecule is disordered approximately equally over two positions. The dihedral angles between the thio­phene and phenyl groups are 68.5 (2) and 67.5 (2)° in the two mol­ecules

(2E)-3-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(3-bromo-2-thien­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C14H9BrO3S, the the prop-2-en-1-one (enone) fragment is close to planar [C—C—C—O = 2.5 (7)°] and it subtends dihedral angles of 12.5 (3) and 5.3 (4)° with respect to the thio­phene and benzene rings, respectively. The dihedral angle between the aromatic ring systems is 12.60 (18)°. Two C—H⋯O inter­actions help to consolidate the non-centrosymmetic crystal packing, which features undulating (100) sheets incorporating C(11) and C(12) chain motifs

1-(3-Bromo-2-thien­yl)ethanone

In the title compound, C6H5BrOS, the non-H and aromatic H atoms lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains propagating along the c axis by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Methyl 4,6-bis­(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-2-oxo­cyclo­hex-3-ene-1-carboxyl­ate

The 3-cyclo­hexene units adopt envelope conformations in each of the two independent mol­ecules that comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H16F2O3. The dihedral angles between the two fluoro­phenyl rings are 79.7 (2) and 73.7 (2)° in the two mol­ecules. In one of the mol­ecules, two C—H groups of the cyclo­hexene ring are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.818 (13):0.182 (13) ratio, the major and minor components corresponding to the two enanti­omeric forms of the mol­ecule. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions help to stabilize the crystal structure

Yield loss Modeling for late Leafspot and Rust in Groundnut

Late leaf spot and rust diseases occur together and cause considerable yield loss in groundnut. Cultivation of resistant varieties is the best strategy to stabilize productivity under disease epidemics. Several varieties resistant or moderately resistant to LLS and rust have been developed in groundnut, but most of them differ in yield loss even at the same level of disease due to complex interrelationships between disease and yield loss. Crop loss models have been employed to gain insight into these relations and to plan sound breeding strategies. In the present study, different empirical models were tested for their explanatory value for yield loss among 10 groundnut genotypes with varying level of resistance to late !eafspot and/or rust. Towards yield loss modeling, disease severity at different growth stages and physiological traits viz., leaf area index (LAI), harvest index (HI), healthy leaf area duration (HAD), crop and pod growth rates(CGR and PGR) and partitioning coefficient (PC) were considered as independent variables, while yield loss as dependent variable in regression models. Single pOint models based on disease did not explain the variation in loss completely, but revealed pOd fill ing as the critical stage in determining yield loss. Multiple point models using disease at different stages marginally improved the explanatory value; Inclusion of physiological traits in stepwise regression models improved the R2 considerably, revealing their relevance to yield loss. Yield loss varied significantly among the genotypes resistant to both LLS and rust (9-17%), moderately resistant to LLS or rust (18-26%) and susceptible to LLS and rust (30-42%). Resistant genotype, GPBD-4 had high yield potential with minimum yield reduction due to Its high partitioning efficiency and pod growth rate. Though highly susceptible, TAG-24 showed tolerance by early cessation of vegetative growth and efficient translocation of photosynthates to pOds leading to high harvest index

Fractal analysis of gravity and bathymetry profiles across ridges in Indian Ocean

110-116Fractal analysis has been carried out for gravity and bathymetry profiles to examine the nature of the short wavelength irregularities of the profiles which are not generally explained by the linear models of ocean floor evolution. The Iterated Function System has been used to generate synthetic profiles of known dimensions and these are compared with the observed profiles. The results show that the fractal dimensions for the data sets are in the range of 1.24-1.49. It is observed that the fractal dimensions for the gravity profiles are lesser than those of the bathymetry. The fractal dimensions for bathymetry and gravity over spreading ridge are higher than those for the aseismic ridge. The fractal nature is related to the chaotic behavior of dynamical systems which though unpredictable are not random. The fractal dimensions obtained from the present analysis show that the systems generating the signals can be represented by a dynamical system of low order

Hyperfractionated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy in locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancers– an institutional experience

Aim: To determine whether hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin improves outcome in advanced hypopharyngeal cancers. Methodology: From 2012 to 2014, twenty three patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of hypopharynx (Stg III-7, Stg IVA-14, and Stg IVB-2) were assigned to receive total dose of 75.9 Gy in 66 fractions @ 1.15 Gy/fraction, twice daily with inter-fraction interval of 6 hours, 5 days/week, over 45 days. Spinal cord shielding was done at 50.6 Gy in 44 fractions. Concurrent chemotherapy was delivered with cisplatin 40 mg/m2 once weekly. The tumor response was assessed at 6 weeks and 3 months after the completion of treatment. Results: All the recruited 23 patients completed the planned treatment. The complete response at 6 weeks and 3 months post treatment for primary and node was observed in 16/23 and 18/23, 13/23 and 16/23patients respectively. The grade I and II toxicities encountered during the treatment were mucositis (16 patients), radiation dermatitis (20 patients), neutropenia (9 patients), and leucopenia (18 patients). Grade 3 reactions seen were mucositis (6 patients), neutropenia (3 patients), leucopenia (2 patients), skin (2 patients) and none of the patients had grade IV reactions. The nutrition was maintained with feeding nasogastric tubes and parentral infusion though out the treatment. The median follow up was 18 months with a median overall survival of 24 months and median disease free survival was 18 months without any statistical significance. Conclusion: Hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent weekly cisplatin treatment for locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancers can be considered with rigorous monitoring and management of the toxicities