Homing in on endogenous badnaviral elements: development of multiplex PCR-DGGE for detection and rapid identification of badnavirus sequences in yam germplasm

Viruses of the genus Badnavirus (family Caulimoviridae) are double-stranded DNA-reverse transcribing (dsDNA-RT) plant viruses and have emerged as serious pathogens of tropical and temperate crops globally. Endogenous badnaviral sequences are found integrated in the genomes of several economically important plant species. Infection due to activation of replication-competent integrated copies of the genera Badnavirus, Petuvirus and Cavemovirus has been described. Such endogenous badnaviral elements pose challenges to the development of nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods for episomal virus infections and decisions on health certification for international movement of germplasm and seed. One major food security crop affected is yam (Dioscorea spp.). A diverse range of Dioscorea bacilliform viruses (DBVs), and endogenous DBV (eDBV) sequences have been found to be widespread in yams cultivated in West Africa and other parts of the world. This study outlines the development of multiplex PCR-dependent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to assist in the detection and analysis of eDBVs, through the example of analysing yam germplasm from Nigeria and Ghana. Primers targeting the three most prevalent DBV monophyletic species groups in West Africa were designed to improve DGGE resolution of complex eDBV sequence fingerprints. Multiplex PCR-DGGE with the addition of a tailor-made DGGE sequence marker enables rapid comparison of endogenous badnaviral sequence diversity across germplasm, as illustrated in this study for eDBV diversity in yam

Parametric Down-Conversion of X Rays into the Optical Regime

We report the observation of parametrically down-converted x-ray signal photons at photon energies that correspond to idler photons at optical wavelengths. The count-rate dependence on the angles of the input beam and of the detector and on the slit sizes agrees with theory within the experimental uncertainties. The nonlinear susceptibility, which we calculated from the measured efficiencies, is comparable to the nonlinear susceptibility evaluated from the measurements of x-ray and optical wave mixing. The results of the present Letter advance the development of a spectroscopy method for probing valence-electron charges and the microscopic optical response of crystals with atomic-scale resolution

COI1-dependent jasmonate signalling affects growth, metabolites production and cell wall protein composition in Arabidopsis

Background and Aims: Cultured cell suspensions have been the preferred model to study the apoplast as well as to monitor metabolic and cell cycle-related changes. Previous work showed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) inhibits leaf growth in a CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1)-dependent manner, with COI1 being the jasmonate (JA) receptor. Here, the effect of COI1 overexpression on the growth of stably transformed arabidopsis cell cultures is described. Methods: Time-course experiments were carried out to analyse gene expression, and protein and metabolite levels. Key Results: Both MeJA treatment and the overexpression of COI1 modify growth, by altering cell proliferation and expansion. DNA content as well as transcript patterns of cell cycle and cell wall remodelling markers were altered. COI1 overexpression also increases the protein levels of OLIGOGALACTURONIDE OXIDASE 1, BETA-GLUCOSIDASE/ENDOGLUCANASES and POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITING PROTEIN2, reinforcing the role of COI1 in mediating defence responses and highlighting a link between cell wall loosening and growth regulation. Moreover, changes in the levels of the primary metabolites alanine, serine and succinic acid of MeJA-treated Arabidopsis cell cultures were observed. In addition, COI1 overexpression positively affects the availability of metabolites such as β-alanine, threonic acid, putrescine, glucose and myo-inositol, thereby providing a connection between JA-inhibited growth and stress responses. Conclusions: This study contributes to the understanding of the regulation of growth and the production of metabolic resources by JAs and COI1. This will have important implications in dissecting the complex relationships between hormonal and cell wall signalling in plants. The work also provides tools to uncover novel mechanisms co-ordinating cell division and post-mitotic cell expansion in the absence of organ developmental control