25 research outputs found

    Economics of identity and economics of the firm: why and how their three central questions overlap

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    Toward a Personal Identity Argument to Combine Potentially Conflicting Social Identities

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    International audienceDespite the boom in research on identity in economics, the question of how to depict personal identity in a fashion that combines potentially conflicting social identities has so far been largely ignored. This paper introduces a framework that relies on the structure of the social realm that is exogenous to the individual in order to depict investment decisions as per social identities. The structure of the environment is identified using organizational boundaries and identity production functions are used to combine social identities. The inclusion of the various social spaces that are relevant to personal identity strategies enables one to simultaneously study identification strategies and individuation strategies. It also allows the depiction of social identities that may be conflicting, due to different social commitments and/or norm valuations. This externalist conception of identity helps discuss the limitations of internalist conceptions of identity and accounts for the heterogeneity of identity strategies across individuals

    Cooperation and the Boundaries of the Firm: A Framed-Field Experiment

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    This paper studies the effect of firm boundaries on inter-individual cooperation in corporate settings. I conduct a framed-field linear public good game experiment in the natural environment of the workplace. I use information about the actual boundaries of two firms, which are a parent firm and its subsidiary. I document differences in the overall level of cooperation across the parent firm, its subsidiary, and an intra-corporate group that comprises players from both the parent firm and the subsidiary. In stark contrast to previous results, I find that cooperation is increasing over time within the parent firm, indicating that firms can foster stronger cooperation within their boundaries. In other treatments the standard declining cooperation is not rejected. Overall, I find higher levels of contribution to the public good relative to conventional laboratory experiments. I estimate the importance of individuals' identity and find that higher weight placed on identity is associated with higher contributions, but only within the parent firm. Higher levels of self-awareness can help explain patterns of cooperation within the boundaries of the firm

    Identité, Coopération et les FrontiÚres de la Firme

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    Cette thĂšse dĂ©veloppe la thĂ©orie de l'identitĂ© en Ă©conomie en utilisant les frontiĂšres de la firme pour Ă©tudier l'effet de l'identification Ă  la firme sur la coopĂ©ration intrafirme. Nous nous appuyions sur la dĂ©finition de l'identitĂ© personnelle de John B. Davis et proposons un cadre thĂ©orique qui conceptualise la relation entre l'identitĂ© et la coopĂ©ration. Dans ce cadre, l'identitĂ© personnelle est le produit du management des identitĂ©s sociales qu'un individu dĂ©veloppe et maintient au travers d'effort d'investissement dans ces identitĂ©s. Nous utilisons les frontiĂšres de la firme pour distinguer les identitĂ©s sociales qui sont liĂ©es Ă  l'entreprise de celles qui ne le sont pas. Nous testons les prĂ©dictions thĂ©oriques avec des expĂ©rimentations de terrain dans de vraies firmes et avec leurs employĂ©s, et nous contrĂŽlons l'effet des diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s d'affiliation Ă  la firme, notamment en Ă©tudiant la coopĂ©ration entre individus de deux firmes appartenant au mĂȘme groupe. En cohĂ©rence avec la thĂ©orie, nous trouvons que l'affiliation Ă  la firme a un impact positif et progressif sur la coopĂ©ration dans un jeu de contributions volontaires. De plus, une plus grande distance sociale entre les individus implique moins de coopĂ©ration. Notre stratĂ©gie thĂ©orique et expĂ©rimentale permet de surmonter les nombreuses critiques des approches en termes d'identitĂ© sociale. Elle rend compte de l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des stratĂ©gies individuelles dans la gestion des identitĂ©s sociales, l'impact des institutions sur le comportement individuel et la coopĂ©ration intrafirme. L'identitĂ© personnelle ajoute Ă  l'Ă©tude traditionnelle de l'identification Ă  la firme les questions de l'individuation et de l'effet des identitĂ©s sociales multiples. Nous identifions la structure de cette nouvelle approche du lien entre la cognition et la motivation dans la firme. Nous expliquons comment les questions de cette thĂ©orie Ă©tendue de l'identitĂ© sont liĂ©es aux questions centrales de la nature de la firme, de l'organisation interne et des frontiĂšres de la firme. Nous analysons les implications de l'inclusion de l'analyse de l'individuation et d’identitĂ©s sociales multiples sur l'analyse de la coopĂ©ration. Nous Ă©tudions Ă©galement les effets de l'apprentissage et de la culture d'entreprise sur les stratĂ©gies identitaires dans la firmeThis thesis develops the current theory on identity in economics to study the effect of individuals' identification with the firm on intrafirm cooperation by using the boundaries of the firm. We rely on the definition of personal identity given by John B. Davis to develop a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the relationship between identity and cooperation. In that framework, personal identity is the product of the management of the social identities that an individual develops and maintains through investment efforts in those social identities. We exploit firm boundaries to identify how social identities that are related to the firm can be distinguished from those that are not. We test the theoretical predictions by using framed field experiments involving real firms their employees, and we control the effect of different degrees of firm affiliation, notably by studying cooperation between individuals of two firms which are part of the same corporate group. We find that, consistent with theory, affiliation to firms has a positive and gradual impact on cooperation in voluntary contributions mechanism experiments. In addition, higher social distance among individuals implies less cooperation. Our theoretical and experimental strategy overcomes the numerous critiques of social identity approaches. It accounts for the heterogeneity of individual strategies as regards the management of their social identities, the impact of institutions on individual behavior as well as intrafirm cooperation. Personal identity adds to the traditional study of identification with the firm the questions of individuation and of the effect of multiple social identities. We identify the structure of this new approach to the link between cognition and motivation in the firm. We explain how the questions of this extended theory of identity are related to the central questions of the nature of the firm, of internal organization and of the boundaries of the firm. We analyze the implications of the inclusion of the analysis of individuation and multiple social identities concerning cooperation. We also study the effect of learning and corporate culture on identity strategies

    Individuals and Identity in Economics

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    Possible in Economics

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    ESSAIS EN ECONOMIE EXPERIMENTALE ET EN ECONOMIE MANAGERIALE

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    My main research areas are in experimental economics and managerial economics. My work is at the interface of economics and management because the questions that I study have both an economic and a managerial dimension. My research is concerned with behavior in organizations. In all of my work, published and in progress, I use for the empirical part laboratory experiments and/or "framed-field experiments". The experimental procedures that I develop aim at describing precisely the information, the incentives and the sequences of interactions as they are in the contexts that I study. My general research theme is the question of resource allocation behaviors in organizational contexts. More specifically, my research is organized around the following main themes: first, I study the effect of identity, affiliation, social distance and leadership on resource allocation behaviors in organizational contexts, second, I study the effect of uncertainty and risk aversion on resource allocation behaviors in organizational contexts, and third, I study the effect of methodology of use of information on resource allocation in organizational contexts, in particular in firms with limited capacity and entrepreneurial firms.Mes principaux domaines de recherche sont l’économie expĂ©rimentale et l’économie managĂ©riale. Mes travaux sont Ă  l’interface de l’économie et de la gestion (du “management" en anglais) car les questions que j’étudie ont Ă  la fois une dimension Ă©conomique et une dimension managĂ©riale. Mes activitĂ©s de recherche portent sur des comportements individuels dans les contextes organisationnels. Dans tous mes travaux, publiĂ©s et en cours, j’utilise pour la partie empirique des expĂ©riences de laboratoire et/ou des expĂ©riences dites expĂ©riences de terrain encadrĂ©es (“framed-field experiments"). Les procĂ©dures expĂ©rimentales que je dĂ©veloppe ont pour but de dĂ©crire prĂ©cisĂ©ment l’information, les incitations et les sĂ©quences d’interactions telles qu’elles sont dans les contextes que j’étudie. Mon thĂšme de recherche gĂ©nĂ©ral est la question des comportements d’allocation des ressources dans les contextes organisationnels. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, mes recherches s’organisent autour de thĂšmes principaux : d’abord, j’étudie l’effet de l’identitĂ©, de l’affiliation, de la distance sociale et du leadership sur les comportements d’allocation des ressources dans les contextes organisationnels, ensuite, l’effet de l’incertitude et de l’aversion au risque sur les comportements d’allocation des ressources dans les contextes organisationnels, et enfin, l’effet des mĂ©thodologies d’utilisation de l’information sur les comportements d’allocation des ressources dans les contextes organisationnels, notamment les firmes Ă  capacitĂ© limitĂ©e et les firmes entrepreneuriales

    Une évaluation expérimentale des dispositifs de lutte contre les cartels

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    International audienceCet article propose une approche expĂ©rimentale de l’efficacitĂ© des dispositifs de lutte contre les cartels, lesquels rĂ©sultent de dĂ©cisions individuelles de s’engager dans ces pratiques d’ententes anticoncurrentielles. Nos expĂ©riences comparent les propensions individuelles Ă  former des cartels dans les dispositifs de sanctions monĂ©taires, de clĂ©mence, de conformitĂ© et d’exclusion. Notre Ă©tude Ă©value ainsi l’impact des modalitĂ©s de sanctions, de leurs niveaux et de diffĂ©rentes probabilitĂ©s de dĂ©tection, et identifie l’influence de certaines caractĂ©ristiques individuelles, telles que le genre et l’aversion au risque, sur la formation des cartels. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que le dispositif d’exclusion, et dans une moindre mesure de conformitĂ©, sont les plus efficaces pour dissuader la formation de cartels. Le niveau et les probabilitĂ©s de sanction ont les effets escomptĂ©s mais de maniĂšres non linĂ©aires. La clĂ©mence renforce quant Ă  elle l’efficacitĂ© des amendes. Enfin, le genre et l’aversion au risque influencent la propension Ă  choisir de s’engager dans un cartel, mais pas leur taux de formation. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour le rĂ©gulateur et les entreprises sont substantielles : ils permettent de comprendre comment mieux dissuader ces pratiques illicites

    Voluntary contributions in cascades: The tragedy of ill-informed leadership

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    URL des Documents de travail : https://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr/documents-de-travail-du-ces/Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2020.23 - ISSN : 1955-611XVoluntary contributions are often solicited in sequential and public settings where information on the quality of the fundraising project unfolds with the sequence of decisions. This paper examines how the different sources of information available to potential donors in such settings influence their decision-making. Contrary to most of the leadership literature, neither leaders nor followers in these settings have certainty about the quality of the fundraising project. We explore whether leaders remain influential, the extent to which they use their influence strategically, and the consequences on followers when leaders are misinformed. We combine an information cascade method with a modified public goods game to create a “Voluntary Contributions in Cascades” paradigm. Participants sequentially receive private signals about the state of the world, which determines the potential returns from the public good, and take two public actions: an incentivized prediction about the state of the world and a contribution to the public good. We find that participants' predictions mostly align with Bayesian predictions, and find no evidence for strategic or misleading predictions. Leaders' contributions are positively correlated with followers', suggesting they remain influential despite their limited informational advantage. This influence takes a tragic turn when leaders happen to be misinformed, as most misinformed leaders end up unintentionally misleading followers. We find that having a misleading leader is associated with a reduction in gains from contributions roughly twice as large as the reduction that stems from dividing the marginal-per-capita-return by two. Our results stress the significance of having well-informed leaders
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