Crank-Nicolson Finite Difference Method with Sobolev Space Energy Estimate Theorem for Capital Market Prices

In this study, we have Black-Scholes analytic formula and Crank- Nicolson (CN) finite difference method for valuation of European put option which has earned the interests of researchers for determining both analytic and approximate solutions to Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) with Sobolev space energy estimate theorem. The simulations of analytical and numerical were effectively carried out. The results showed as follows: increase in volatility increases the values of option for both BS and CN prices, there are significant difference between BS and CN due to the changes of stock volatility, a little increase in the initial stock prices significantly increases the value of put option, when the strike price is greater than the initial stock price it increases put option values, Sobolev space energy estimates were used as asset value function to estimate asset prices at different maturity periods. Finally, the graphical solutions and comparisons of other parameters were discussed all in this paper which is informative to investors for the proper investment plans

Robust Methods of Assessing Fidelity Bank Share Price Movements in Nigeria Stock Market

Markov chain is a viable tool for studying the share price formation; since each finite state communicates for proper management decisions in Fidelity bank. Therefore, this paper studied stochastic analysis of Markov chain and PCA in the closing share price data of Fidelity (2016-2022) in Nigeria Stock Exchange. The share prices were transformed into 3-steps transition probability matrix solution to cover this number of years. The future share prices changes were known. The criteria of obtaining four share prices which formed 2x2 matrices were given and analytical solution of principal component were considered for future stock price changes. From the solution matrix of stochastic analysis, showed that Fidelity bank, PLC has the best probability of price increasing in the near future: 10%, best probability of reducing in future by 23% and best probability of no-change in the near future by 22% which is a tool for proper decision making in the day-to-day management of the bank; which shows it is profit making organization and are hopeful for future investment plans both short or long term respectively

Sex chromosomal abnormalities associated with equine infertility: validation of a simple molecular screening tool in the Purebred Spanish Horse

Chromosomal abnormalities in the sex chromosome pair (ECAX and ECAY) are widely associated with reproductive problems in horses. However, a large proportion of these abnormalities remains undiagnosed due to the lack of an affordable diagnostic tool that allows for avoiding karyotyping tests. Hereby, we developed an STR (single-tandem-repeat)- based molecular method to determine the presence of the main sex chromosomal abnormalities in horses in a fast, cheap and reliable way. The frequency of five ECAXIinked (LEX026, LEX003, TKY38, TKY270 and UCDE0502) and two ECAY-Iinked (EcaYH12 and SRY) markers was characterized in 261 Purebred Spanish Horses to determine the efficiency of the methodology developed to be used as a chromosomal diagnostic tool. All the microsatellites analyzed were highly polymorphic, with a sizeable number of alleles (polymorphic information content > 0.5). Based on this variability, the methodology showed 100% sensitivity and 99.82% specificity to detect the most important sex chromosomal abnormalities reported in horses (chimerism, Turner’s syndrome and sex reversal syndromes). The method was also validated with 100% efficiency in 10 individuals previously diagnosed as chromosomally aberrant. This STR screening panel is an efficient and reliable molecular-cytogenetic tool for the early detection of sex chromosomal abnormalities in equines that could be included in breeding programs to save money, effort and time of veterinary practitioners and breeders.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Transmission ratio distortion detection by neutral genetic markers in the Pura Raza Española horse breed

Transmission Ratio Distortion (TRD) is a genetic phenomenon widely demonstrated in several livestock species, but barely in equine species. The TRD occurs when certain genotypes are over- or under-represented in the offspring of a particular mating and can be caused by a variety of factors during gamete formation or during embryonic development. For this study, 126 394 trios consisting of a stallion, mare, and offspring were genotyped using a panel of 17 neutral microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics for paternity tests and individual identification. The number of alleles available for each marker ranges from 13 to 18, been 268 the total number of alleles investigated. The TRDscan v.2.0 software was used with the biallelic procedure to identify regions with distorted segregation ratios. After completing the analysis, a total of 12 alleles (out of 11 microsatellites) were identified with decisive evidence for genotypic TRD; 3 and 9 with additive and heterosis patterns, respectively. In addition, 19 alleles (out of 10 microsatellites) were identified displaying allelic TRD. Among them, 14 and 5 were parent-unspecific and stallion-mare-specific TRD. Out of the TRD regions, 24 genes were identified and annotated, predominantly associated with cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. These genes are often linked to non-specific symptoms like impaired fertility, stunted growth, and compromised overall health. The results suggest a significant impact on the inheritance of certain genetic traits in horses. Further analysis and validation are needed to better understand the TRD impact before the potential implementation in the horse breeding programme strategies.</p

Análisis de la distribución de tráfico en una red inalámbrica semipública

INTRODUCCIÓN:La Administración de Redes IP debe velar por que todos los dispositivos de la red de datos LAN y WAN, aseguren lasprestaciones de los servicios de tecnología hub, switch, router, firewall, Gateway, etc.Uno de los problemas frecuentes para estos dispositivos es la administración del ancho de banda de Internet, BW (Consumo por parte de la red). No sólo se debe evitar la "monopolización" del BW (distribución justa) si no también contribuir a la maximización de su uso, ya que es un recurso costoso que debe usarse en su totalidad durante el mayor tiempo posible.Los procedimientos de prueba de hipótesis se diseñan en problemas en los que se conoce la población o distribución de probabilidad y las hipótesis involucran a los parámetros de la distribución. Otro tipo de hipótesis que se encuentra a menudo es que sabe la distribución subyacente de la población, y se quiere probar la hipótesis que una distribución particular será satisfactoria como un modelo de población. En esta investigación se usó un procedimiento de prueba formal de bondad de ajuste basado en la distribución chi-cuadrado.A partir de la función densidad de probabilidad que gobierna esta situación, calculada desde un punto de vista pragmático, con una casuística abundante, junto con la Prueba de Hipótesis pertinente, se obtiene una guía para la arquitectura del sistema informáticoMETODOLOGIA:Los algoritmos usados para los controladores de BW, requieren que se configuren parámetros que condicionan elcomportamiento de las conexiones de los usuarios, en un ambiente donde no se conozcan a priori, ni el factor desimultaneidad, ni el tipo de dispositivo, ni el uso esperado de los canales. Solamente se conocen los usuarios, lasconexiones que realizan cada uno de ellos, los bytes entrantes, salientes y el tipo de conexión.Para la adquisición de datos se usa el protocolo RADIUS (Remote Access Dial In User Service). Es un protocolo AAA(Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) que provee autenticación, autorización y contabilidad de forma centralizada para los dispositivos que usan un servicio de red. El archivo en formato .xls es posible encontrarlo en http://www.um.edu.ar/math/ con 65536 conexiones a la redinalámbrica de la UM.Los datos con los que se trabaja provienen del funcionamiento de los algoritmos de control de ancho de banda, como el programa TC (Traffic Control) de Linux que utiliza el algoritmo HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket), o los Delay pools que utilizan SQUID (aplicación proxy). Los parámetros que especifican el comportamiento del ancho de banda son dos: X, "tamaño de la cuba" de BW reservado para ese elemento (Red, host, etc). Y, es la "velocidad de relleno de la cuba" de ancho de banda para dicho elemento.Se ha utilizado Mathcad (® Parametric Technology Corporation) para la adecuación de datos y el análisis estadístico correspondiente, mediante una función creada (“sacamuestras”) para extraer un vector Bw de 2000 elementos aleatoriamente selecciona-dos y se determina el histograma que permite tener una apreciación a "grosso modo" de la forma de la densidad de probabilidad.Una observación aplicable a este ensayo se refiere a la magnitud de frecuencias, el efecto "desflecamiento“ y el uso de intervalos adyacentes dando un nivel de significancia a = 0.01CONCLUSIONES:Se puede inferir que es posible determinar el comportamiento de las conexiones de los usuarios, a través de la función densidad de probabilidad del proceso. Esto permite al diseñador del sistema informático y al experto en comunicaciones tener una previsión del comportamiento global con lo cual quedan habilitados a disponer de los recursos con mayor eficiencia y seguridad.Se dispone de una guía estratégica para relevar un sistema, encontrando los parámetros adecuados que permitan hallar los perfiles que definen los comportamiento

Estimación de las relaciones genéticas entre razas caprinas españolas y criollas utilizando microsatélites

We have analyzed three Creole goat populations from Peru, Mexico and Chile using microsatellite markers. We have also analyzed the genetic relationship between them and Murciano-Granadina and Malagueña Spanish goat breeds. The average number of alleles per locus was similar in all populations (7.3) except the Chilean Creole (5.1). This Creole goat population has presented the lowest value of observed (Ho) (0.53) and expected (He) heterozygosis (0.59). The Peruvian Creole has presented the highest values of Ho (0.70) and He (0.71). We have found a scarce level of genetic differentiation between goat populations (FST= 0.069) being more important the individual genetic differences due to crossbreed with several breeds. The Peruvian Creole was closed to analyzed Spanish breeds, followed by Mexican Creole. Finally the Chilean Creole was the most distant to the others populations

Structure and genetic relationships between serrana de Teruel breed and other cattle breeds reared in Spain

In this work we analyze by microsatellite markers the genetic diversity, structure and relationships of the indigenous endangered Serrana de Teruel cattle breed with different breeds reared in Spain. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 198 alleles were observed across loci, with a mean of 6.79. Observed and expected heterozygosities values shown the high variability of Serrana de Teruel breed with values of 0.67 and 0.68 respectively. The neighbour net based on Reynolds distances shown the close genetic relationship among Serrana de Teruel and the mountain Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica breeds. STRUCTURE results showed a 47.5% of correctly assigned individuals to Serrana de Teruel breed using a q>0.8 threshold. The admixed animals shown a clear influence of Parda de Montaña breed.En este trabajo se analiza la variabilidad genética de la raza autóctona en peligro de extinción Serrana de Teruel, así como su relación con las ra-zas bovinas explotadas en España: Albera, Pajuna, Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Serrana Negra, Pirenaica y Parda de Montaña. La caracterización genética se ha realizado mediante marcadores microsatélites, todos han resultado polimórficos detectándose un total de 198 alelos con una media de 6,79 alelos por locus. Las heterocigosidades observadas y esperadas fueron altas y similares en el equilibrio, con valores de 0,67 y 0,68 respectivamente. A partir del estudio de las relaciones filogenéticas se ha podido observar la cercanía de la raza Serrana de Teruel con las razas de montaña Pirenaica y Parda de Montaña. Mediante el estudio de la estructura genética se observó que el porcentaje de animales correctamente asignados a la Serrana de Teruel para q>0,8 fue del 47,5%, apreciándose una clara influencia de la raza Parda de Montaña en los individuos mezclados

Estimation of genetic relationships between Spanish and Creole goat breeds using microsatellite

Ponencia publicada en ITEA, vol.104Se han analizado genéticamente tres poblaciones caprinas Criollas de Perú, México y Chile utilizando marcadores de ADN de tipo microsatélite y se han comparado con las razas españolas Murciano Granadina y Malagueña. Se ha encontrado un número medio de alelos por locus similar en todas las poblaciones (7,3) excepto la población Criolla Chilena que ha mostrado un valor de 5,1, siendo ésta la que ha presentado el valor inferior tanto de heterocigosidad observada (Ho) (0,53) como de esperada (He) (0,59), habiendo sido la Criolla Peruana la que ha presentado los mayores valores (0,70 y 0,71 respectivamente). Se ha encontrado un escaso nivel de diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones (FST = 0,069) siendo las diferencias encontradas debidas a los individuos como consecuencia al cruzamiento indiscriminado con otras razas. La población caprina Criolla de Perú es la que más se aproxima gené- ticamente a las 2 razas españolas analizadas, seguida de la Criolla Mexicana, por último la población criolla Chilena es la que presenta la mayor lejanía genética con el resto de poblaciones estudiadas.We have analyzed three Creole goat populations from Peru, Mexico and Chile using microsatellite markers. We have also analyzed the genetic relationship between them and Murciano-Granadina and Malagueña Spanish goat breeds. The average number of alleles per locus was similar in all populations (7.3) except the Chilean Creole (5.1). This Creole goat population has presented the lowest value of observed (Ho) (0.53) and expected (He) heterozygosis (0.59). The Peruvian Creole has presented the highest values of Ho (0.70) and He (0.71). We have found a scarce level of genetic differentiation between goat populations (FST= 0.069) being more important the individual genetic differences due to crossbreed with several breeds. The Peruvian Creole was closed to analyzed Spanish breeds, followed by Mexican Creole. Finally the Chilean Creole was the most distant to the others populations

Increased brain age in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most common genetic obesity syndrome, with associated learning difficulties, neuroendocrine deficits, and behavioural and psychiatric problems. As the life expectancy of individuals with PWS increases, there is concern that alterations in brain structure associated with the syndrome, as a direct result of absent expression of PWS genes, and its metabolic complications and hormonal deficits, might cause early onset of physiological and brain aging. In this study, a machine learning approach was used to predict brain age based on grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) maps derived from structural neuroimaging data using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) scores, calculated as the difference between chronological age and brain-predicted age, are designed to reflect deviations from healthy brain aging, with higher brain-PAD scores indicating premature aging. Two separate adult cohorts underwent brain-predicted age calculation. The main cohort consisted of adults with PWS (n = 20; age mean 23.1 years, range 19.8-27.7; 70.0% male; body mass index (BMI) mean 30.1 kg/m2, 21.5-47.7; n = 19 paternal chromosome 15q11-13 deletion) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 40; age 22.9 years, 19.6-29.0; 65.0% male; BMI 24.1 kg/m2, 19.2-34.2) adults (BMI PWS vs. control P = .002). Brain-PAD was significantly greater in PWS than controls (effect size mean ± SEM +7.24 ± 2.20 years [95% CI 2.83, 11.63], P = .002). Brain-PAD remained significantly greater in PWS than controls when restricting analysis to a sub-cohort matched for BMI consisting of n = 15 with PWS with BMI range 21.5-33.7 kg/m2, and n = 29 controls with BMI 21.7-34.2 kg/m2 (effect size +5.51 ± 2.56 years [95% CI 3.44, 10.38], P = .037). In the PWS group, brain-PAD scores were not associated with intelligence quotient (IQ), use of hormonal and psychotropic medications, nor severity of repetitive or disruptive behaviours. A 24.5 year old man (BMI 36.9 kg/m2) with PWS from a SNORD116 microdeletion also had increased brain PAD of 12.87 years, compared to 0.84 ± 6.52 years in a second control adult cohort (n = 95; age mean 34.0 years, range 19.9-55.5; 38.9% male; BMI 28.7 kg/m2, 19.1-43.1). This increase in brain-PAD in adults with PWS indicates abnormal brain structure that may reflect premature brain aging or abnormal brain development. The similar finding in a rare patient with a SNORD116 microdeletion implicates a potential causative role for this PWS region gene cluster in the structural brain abnormalities associated primarily with the syndrome and/or its complications. Further longitudinal neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify the natural history of this increase in brain age in PWS, its relationship with obesity, and whether similar findings are seen in those with PWS from maternal uniparental disomy