Closed-Form Solution for a Two-Sector Endogenous Growth Model with two Controls

In this paper we show a method for solving in closed form a particular family of four-dimension non-linear modified Hamiltonian dynamic systems, with two states and two co-states and two co-states, which arises from a two-sector endogenous growth model where the physical capital stock is combined with a renewable natural capital stock as essential inputs for productionNon-Linear Dynamic System, Analytical Solution, Endogenous Growth, Transitional Dynamics

Endogenous Growth, Capital Utilization and Depreciation

We study the one sector model of growth when a linear production technology is combined with adjustment costs and a technology for capital maintenance. Agents are allowed to under-use the installed capital and to vary the depreciation rate. This economy decides endogenously how much resources devotes to the accumulation of new capital and how much to maintenance and repair activities. We find as striking results that the long-run depreciation and capital utilization rates are positively related to the population growth rate, and that both depend negatively on the initial conditions. The long-run growth rate appears positively correlated with the depreciation rate.Maintenance; Depreciation; Capital Utilization; Endogenous Growth

Renewable Natural Resources and Endogenous Growth

We study a two-sector endogenous growth model where a single consumption good is obtained using a renewable resource in combination with physical capital. Both inputs are essential for production and technical substitutes. In this context we analyze the issues of sustainability, long-run and short-run growth as well as convergence, associated with the competitive equilibrium solution trajectories. We show that efficiency, long-run growth and sustainability are both compatible in a natural resource based production economy.Natural Capital, Endogenous Growth, Sustainability, Convergence

Non Catastrophic Endogenous Growth with Pollution and Abatment

When there are pollution externalities the competitive equilibrium is not Pareto-optimal nor environmentally sustainable even if abatment activities are endogenously decided. In this paper we introduce the possibility of an ecological catastrophe like the one predicted by the global climate change, imposing the constraint of an upper-limit to the pollutants stock. We characterize this socially optimal soclution and study conditions for the sustainability of the balanced growth path. We find a trade-off between environmental quality and growth. The rate of growth depends negatively on the weight of environmental care in the utility function and positively on the population growth rate. We show that the emissions reduction recommended in the Kioto protocol is an appropriate policy to avoid the ecological catastrophe and ensure global efficiency and positive long-run growth.Environment; Externalities; Optimal Growth, Ecological Catastrophe; Sustainability

Demographic Transition Environmental Concern and the Kuznets Curve

In an endogenous growth model with pollution and abatement we characterize the socially optimal solution. We find that the rate of growth depends negatively on the weight of environmental care in utility and positively on the population growth rate. We also find a trade-off between growth and environmental quality beyond which an environmental Kuznets curve is derived in the long term. This one emerges from the implications of the demographic transition for the rate of population growth, and the accompanying variation in the willingness to pay for environmental quality as the economy develops.Optimal Growth; Environment; Population Growth; Preferences

La definición del patrimonio cultural subacuático en la Convención UNESCO de 2001

El texto analiza la definición que en el artículo 1.1 de la Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático 2001 de la UNESCO se da del concepto de patrimonio cultural subacuático y llama la atención especialmente sobre cuatro aspectos: el contenido mismo de la definición, evitando calificar el patrimonio cultural subacuático; el límite temporal establecido de 100 años y su periodificación; la referencia al contexto natural; y las cuestiones relativas al uso actual del patrimonio cultural subacuático. Para explicar el alcance jurídico de la citada enunciación, Mariano J. Aznar repasa en su artículo el uso del concepto en textos internacionales previos. Finaliza apuntando el error de dejar fuera del régimen de protección del Convenio artes de pesca todavía en uso pero históricamente empleadas y recuerda la potestad de los estados de establecer en sus respectivas legislaciones internas un criterio de protección mayor

Las nociones de “derecho preferente” e “interés” en la protección del patrimonio cultural subacuático

Las nociones de derechos preferentes e intereses de los estados no son ajenas al derecho internacional general o al derecho del mar y, como hipótesis, existe una tendencia sutil y plausible de preferir los últimos a los primeros al abordar el régimen jurídico de los bienes comunes globales. Considerando el patrimonio cultural subacuático (PCS) entre estos bienes comunes, este artículo analiza cómo construir un régimen jurídico que proteja el PCS abandonando progresivamente la presencia de derechos y su sustitución por la noción de interés. Una búsqueda de los titulares de este interés y su identificación in casu a través de la noción revisada de vínculo verificable, el contenido y el alcance de sus capacidades jurídicas y las responsabilidades que los actores interesados puedan tener (particularmente los Estados), y el régimen jurídico que rige todos estos temas son el propósito de estas páginas. Este artículo discutirá primero la noción de derecho preferente como se usa en el derecho internacional y el derecho del mar, en general, seguido por el estudio de la presencia y proyección de esa noción en los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales actuales que rigen el PCS. Se seguirá el mismo esquema de análisis cuando se aborde la noción del interés jurídico y su desempeño como un concepto operativo tanto a nivel general del derecho internacional como en el derecho del mar para, más adelante, estudiar cómo esta noción puede estar creando una nueva estructura de análisis para la protección del PCS.The notions of preferential right and interest of states are not alien to general international law or the law of the sea and, as hypothesis, there is a subtle and plausible trend to prefer the later before the former when addressing the legal regime of global commons. Considering the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as a possible component among these commons, this article discusses how to build up a legal regime protecting UCH progressively abandoning the presence of rights and its substitution by the notion of interest. A quest for the holders of this interest and their identification in casu through the revisited notion of verifiable link, the content and extent of their legal capacities and the responsibilities these stakeholders may have ⎯particularly states⎯, and the legal regime governing all these issues are the purpose of these pages. This article will discuss first the notion of preferential right as used in international law and the law of the sea, in general, followed by the study of the presence and projection of that notion in current international legal texts governing UCH. The same scheme of analysis will be followed when addressing the notion of legal interest and its performance as an operative concept both at the general level of international law and the law of the sea and, later, how this notion may be creating a new legal and political canvas for the protection of UCH

In Situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage as an International Legal Principle

In situ preservation is not necessarily the best underwater archaeological solution, nor is it legally required in all circumstances. Rather, it is the first and, per - haps, the most technically desirable option, when archaeological, legal, and political cir - cumstances—in that order—so advise. Otherwise, the removal of the historical object or objects found under the sea and their conservation outside the marine environment is another plausible option, provided the archaeological standards accepted by the interna - tional scientific community are met. This paper aims to clarify the legal contours of this rule, as codified by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cul - tural Heritage. To this end, it proposes the following basic hypothesis: in situ preservation, as a current legal principle in underwater archaeological activities, is the first option for the protection of that heritage; because it is an option, this preservation may take a different form depending on the circumstances; nothing legally prevents the removal of remains from the seabed, provided it is done properly and they are appropriately preserved; and, finally, if necessary, this should be done as soon as possible, given the circumstances