Application of network analysis and cluster analysis for better prevention and control of swine diseases in Argentina

Rationale/background: Though much smaller than the bovine industry, the porcine sector in Argentina involves a large number of farms and represents a significant economic sector. In recent years Argentina has implemented a national registry of swine movements amongst other measures, in an effort to control and eventually eradicate endemic Aujesky’s disease. Such information can prove valuable in assessing the risk of transmission between farms for endemic diseases but also for other diseases at risk of emergence. Methods: Shipment data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed in an effort to define strategic locations and times at which control and surveillance efforts should be focused to provide cost-effective interventions. Social network analysis (SNA) was used to characterize the network as a whole and at the individual farm and market level to help identify important nodes. Spatio-temporal trends of pig movements were also analyzed. Finally, in an attempt to classify farms and markets in different groups based on their SNA metrics, we used factor analysis for mixed data (FAMD) and hierarchical clustering. Results: The network involved approximate 136,000 shipments for a total of 6 million pigs. Over 350 markets and 17,800 production units participated in shipments with another 83,500 not participating. Temporal data of shipments and network metrics showed peaks in shipments in September and October. Most shipments where within provinces, with Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Santa Fe concentrating 61% of shipments. Network analysis showed that markets are involved in relatively few shipments but hold strategic positions with much higher betweenness compared to farms. Hierarchical clustering yielded four groups based on SNA metrics and node characteristics which can be broadly described as: 1. small and backyard farms; 2. industrial farms; 3. markets; and 4. a single outlying market with extreme centrality values. Conclusion: Characterizing the network structure and spatio-temporal characteristics of Argentine swine shipments provides valuable information that can guide targeted and more cost-effective surveillance and control programs. We located key nodes where efforts should be prioritized. Pig network characteristics and patterns can be used to create dynamic disease transmission models, which can both be used in assessing the impact of emerging diseases and guiding efforts to eradicate endemic ones.Instituto de PatobiologíaFil: Baron, Jerome N. University of California Davis. School of Veterinary Medicine. Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS). Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados UnidosFil: Aznar, Maria Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Monterubbianesi, Mariela. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria de la Republica Argentina (SENASA); ArgentinaFil: Martínez-López, Beatriz. University of California Davis. School of Veterinary Medicine. Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS). Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados Unido

EL HUERTO ESCOLAR Y SUS POSIBLES PRÁCTICAS EDUCATIVAS

El huerto escolar es un recurso educativo a través del cual se pueden trabajar, tanto en Infantil como en Primaria, valores y actitudes importantes para el desarrollo de los alumnos. Además, ofrece una gran variedad de prácticas curriculares, y se puede adaptar a cualquier necesidad, tanto de los alumnos como de la materia o contenido que se quiera trabajar. El objetivo de este trabajo es recoger y comparar las diferentes metodologías con las que se puede trabajar el huerto escolar en el aula. A través de la lectura de documentos sobre proyectos escolares y guías realizadas por profesores sobre la importancia de este recurso para el desarrollo del niño, he llevado a cabo una comparativa y reflexión de las prácticas educativas que se desarrollan en centros educativos diferentes. Para ello, he realizado tres entrevistas abiertas que me han ayudado a conocer diferentes prácticas y metodologías trabajadas en el huerto escolar. Tras la investigación de las diferentes prácticas educativas que se pueden llevar a cabo con el trabajo del huerto, saco como conclusión que el huerto escolar es un gran recurso que permite trabajar el medio ambiente, cumplir los objetivos y contenidos de las áreas curriculares de Educación Infantil (Orden 28 de marzo de 2008, Currículo de Aragón), y he descubierto algunos métodos de trabajarlo como por ejemplo a través de un proyecto de centro o de una extraescolar

Aprendiendo a comer sano en la escuela: una propuesta para trabajar la alimentación en Educación infantil

El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar una propuesta didáctica para promover la adquisición y desarrollo de algunos hábitos de alimentación relevantes para mantener un estilo de vida saludable desde la Educación infantil. El trabajo se refiere, por un lado, a la fundamentación teórica y, por otro, al contenido de la propuesta didáctica. Dentro de la fundamentación teórica, prestamos atención a los siguientes aspectos: la importancia de una alimentación adecuada para el alumnado de infantil; una revisión de las propuestas hechas en diferentes centros educativos para llevar a cabo este tipo de enseñanza y, por último se analiza el papel de los padres en esta enseñanza. En lo que respecta a la propuesta didáctica, se hace referencia a la contextualización, diseño de la propuesta estructurada en seis apartados: competencias básicas, objetivos, contenidos, metodología, actividades y evaluación. Dentro de las actividades se describen siete de ellas, siguiendo un esquema común con cinco apartados

Development of an Effective Sonotrode Based Extraction Technique for the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activities in Cherimoya Leaves

The leaves of Annona cherimola Mill (cherimoya) are a potential source of phenolic compounds that have been shown to have beneficial properties. Therefore, this study focuses on establishing an ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds in cherimoya leaves using a sonotrode. For that purpose, a Box-Behnken design based on a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize factors, such as amplitude, extraction time and solvent composition to obtain the maximum content of phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS and the maximum in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya leaves. The optimal conditions were 70% amplitude, 10 min and 40:60 ethanol/water (EtOH/H2O) (v/v). The results obtained under these optimum conditions by using a sonotrode were compared with those from an ultrasonic bath; briefly, recovery of phenolic compounds by sonotrode was 2.3 times higher than a bath. Therefore, these optimal conditions were applied to different varieties ‘Campas’, ‘Fino de Jete’ and ‘Negrito Joven’ harvested in the Tropical Coast of Granada (Spain). A total of 39 phenolic compounds were determined in these cherimoya leaf extracts, 24 phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS and 15 proanthocianidins by HPLC-FLD. 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, lathyroside-7-O- -l-rhamnopyranoside and quercetin hexose acetate were first identified in cherimoya leaves. The most concentrated phenolic compounds were the flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin hexoside and proanthocyanidins including monomers. Almost no significant differences in the phenolic content in these cultivars were found (11–13 mg/g d.w. for phenolic compounds and 11–20 mg/g d.w. for proanthocyanidins). In addition, sonotrode ultrasonic-assisted extraction has been shown to be an efficient extraction technique in the phenolic recovery from cherimoya leaves that could be implemented on an industrial scale.MCIN/AEI/FEDER "Una manera de hacer Europa" RTI2018-099835-A-I0

Pyrethroids levels in paddy field water under Mediterranean conditions: measurements and distribution modelling

[EN] The cultivation of rice (Oriza sativa L.) under Mediterranean conditions regularly requires the use of treated wastewater due to shortage of freshwater. As a consequence, the intensification of rice production to supply the uprising demand of grain could break the stability between agriculture and environment. In this work, we studied the occurrence and distribution of pyrethroids in surface water and groundwater collected during two periods (flooding and dry soil conditions) in paddy fields located in the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Pyrethroids were detected at concentrations ranging from 14 to 1450 ng L-1 in surface water and from 6 to 833 ng L-1 in groundwater. The results obtained were valuated statistically using principal component analysis, and differences between both sampling campaigns were found, with lower concentrations of the target compounds during the flooding sampling event. Moreover, a geographic information system program was used to represent a model distribution of the obtained results, showing wastewater treatment plants as the main sources of contamination and the decrease of pyrethroids during flooding condition when water flows over the paddy fields. The impact of these compounds on water quality was discussed.Authors wish to thank INIA for the predoctoral fellowship (R. Aznar) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness RTA2014-00012-C03-01 for financial support.Aznar, R.; Sánchez Brunete, C.; Albero, B.; Moreno-Ramón, H.; Tadeo, JL. (2017). Pyrethroids levels in paddy field water under Mediterranean conditions: measurements and distribution modelling. Paddy and Water Environment. 15(2):307-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-016-0550-2S307316152Albalawneh A, Chang TK, Chou CS (2015) Impacts on soil quality from long-term irrigation with treated greywater. Paddy Water Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10333-015-0499-6Aznar R, Moreno-Ramón H, Albero B, Sánchez-Brunete C, Tadeo JL (2016a) Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in mediterranean paddy fields. J Soils Sediments. doi: 10.1007/s11368-016-1417-2Aznar R, Albero B, Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Moreno-Ramón H, Tadeo JL (2016b) Simultaneous determination of multiclass emerging contaminants in aquatic plants by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion and GC–MS. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6327-8Campo J, Masia A, Blasco C, Pico Y (2013) Occurrence and removal efficiency of pesticides in sewage treatment plants of four Mediterranean River Basins. J Hazard Mater 263:146–157Corcellas C, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2015) First report of pyrethroid bioaccumulation in wild river fish: a case study in Iberian river basins (Spain). Environ Int 75:110–116Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=URISERV:l28139&from=ES Accessed 14 Dec 2015Duran JJ, García de Domingo A, López-Geta JA, Robledo PA, Soria JM (2005) Los Humedales del Mediterráneo español: modelos geológicos e hidrogeológicos. Instituto Geológico y Minero Español, Madrid España. 160European Commission (2005) Review report for the active substance Esfenvalerate, 6846/VI/97-finalFarnham IM, Singh AK, Stetzenbach KJ, Johannesson KH (2002) Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data. Chemometr Intell Lab 60:265–281Feo ML, Ginebreda A, Eljarrat E, Barcelo D (2010a) Presence of pyrethroid pesticides in water and sediments of Ebro River Delta. J Hazard Mater 393:156–162Feo ML, Eljarrat E, Barcelo D (2010b) A rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of 14 pyrethroids in water samples. J Chromatogr A 1217:2248–2253Gimenez-Forcada E (2014) Space/time development of seawater intrusion: a study case in Vinaroz coastal plain (Eastern Spain) using HFE-Diagram, and spatial distribution of hydrochemical facies. J Hydrol 517:617–627Hendley P, Holmes C, Kay S, Maund SJ, Travis KZ, Zhang MH (2001) Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: iII. A spatial analysis of the Mississippi, USA, cotton landscape. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:669–678Hildebrandt A, Lacorte S, Barcelo D (2007) Assessment of priority pesticides, degradation products, and pesticide adjuvants in groundwaters and top soils from agricultural areas of the Ebro river basin. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:1459–1468Hildebrandt A, Guillamon M, Lacorte S, Tauler R, Barcelo D (2008) Impact of pesticides used in agriculture and vineyards to surface and groundwater quality (North Spain). Water Res 42:3315–3326Hladik ML, Kuivila KM (2009) Assessing the occurrence and distribution of pyrethroids in water and suspended sediments. J Agric Food Chem 57:9079–9085Kuivila KM, Hladik ML, Ingersoll CG, Kemble NE, Moran PW, Calhoun DL, Nowell LH, Gilliom RJ (2012) Occurrence and potential sources of pyrethroid insecticides in stream sediments from seven U.S. metropolitan areas. Environ Sci Technol 46:4297–4303McManus SL, Richards KG, Grant J, Mannix A, Coxon CE (2014) Pesticide occurrence in groundwater and the physical characteristics in association with these detections in Ireland. Environ Monit Assess 186:7819–7836Money E, Carter GP, Serre ML (2009) Using river distances in the space/time estimation of dissolved oxygen along two impaired river networks in New Jersey. Water Res 43:1948–1958Monica N, Choi K (2016) Temporal and spatial analysis of water quality in Saemangeum watershed using multivariate statistical techniques. Paddy Water Environ 14:3–17Moreno-Ramón H, Marqués-Mateu A, Ibáñez-Asensio S, Gisbert JM (2015) Wetland soils under rice management and seawater intrusion: characterization and classification. Spa J Soil Sci 5(2):111–129Moschet C, Vermeirssen ELM, Seiz R, Pfefferli H, Hollender J (2014) Picogram per liter detections of pyrethroids and organophosphates in surface waters using passive sampling. Water Res 66:411–422Pistocchi A, Vizcaino P, Hauck M (2009) A GIS model-based screening of potential contamination of soil and water by pyrethroids in Europe. J Environ Manag 90:3410–3421Rodríguez-Liébana JA, ElGouzi S, Mingorance MD, Castillo A, Peña A (2014) Irrigation of a Mediterranean soil under fields’ conditions with urban wastewater: effect on pesticides behavior. Agric Ecosyst Environ 185:176–185SANCO-12571 (2013) Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/guidance_documents/docs/qualcontrol_en.pdf . Accessed 4 April 2016Smiley PC Jr, King KW, Fausey NR (2014) Annual and seasonal differences in pesticides mixtures within channelized agricultural headwater streams in central Ohio. Agric Ecosyst Environ 193:83–95Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 . Accessed 4 April 2016Solomon KR, Giddings JM, Maund SJ (2001) Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: i. Distributional analyses of laboratory aquatic toxicity data. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:652–659Sprecher SW (2008) Installing Monitoring wells in soils. Version 1.0. USDA—NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture)-(Natural Resources Conservation Service). Lincoln. USA. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052914.pdf . Accessed 4 April 2016Swift MJ, Izac AMN, van Noordwijk M (2015) Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agriculture landscapes-are we asking the right questions? Agric Ecosyst Environ 104:113–134Weston DP, Holmes RW, You J, Lydy MJ (2005) Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environ Sci Technol 39:9778–9784Weston DP, Holmes RW, Lydy MJ (2009) Residential runoff as a source of pyrethroid pesticides to urban creeks. Environ Pollut 157:287–294Weston DP, Ramil HL, Lydy MJ (2013) Pyrethroid insecticides in municipal wastewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:2460–246

Secreción y funciones de IL-6 en relación al ejercicio físico

IL-6 es una de las citoquinas inflamatorias más importantes del organismo, que se encuentra elevada de manera crónica en enfermedades metabólicas y autoinmunes. Sus efectos perjudiciales son bien conocidos, sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha descubierto que puede tener efectos beneficiosos para el organismo. Se han encontrado dos vías de señalización a través de las cuales actúa IL-6. Una de ellas se denomina señalización clásica y parece tener efectos anti-inflamatorios, mientras que la otra se llama trans-señalización y contribuye a la inflamación. Esta diferencia puede ser la base del comportamiento pleiotrópico de esta interleuquina y sus efectos radicalmente opuestos en función de la situación. El ejercicio físico produce un pico de IL-6 que favorece los efectos beneficiosos de esta interleuquina. El músculo es capaz de secretarla como respuesta a la contracción, comportándose como un verdadero órgano endocrino capaz de enviar señales al resto del organismo. Se ha visto que la producción de esta interleuquina durante el ejercicio participa en procesos como la miogénesis, la lipólisis o la activación de las células NK. Además, diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto que los efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio sobre la resistencia a la insulina requieren de la presencia de IL.-6 secretada a nivel muscular.Por otra parte, IL-6 juega un papel controvertido en patologías graves como el cáncer. Su elevación crónica favorece la aparición de caquexia, sin embargo su secreción debida a la práctica regular de ejercicio parece combatir el estado inflamatorio que se produce en presencia de un tumor, así como a mejorar la regeneración muscular. <br /

Programa de educación para la salud: disminución de la ansiedad en pacientes con cáncer de mama que deben someterse a una intervención quirúrgica

Introducción: la ansiedad representa uno de los múltiples sentimientos que acompañan a los pacientes durante distintos momentos del proceso de enfermedad. Aquella cuyo desencadenante es una intervención quirúrgica, puede perjudicar el correcto desarrollo del procedimiento, favoreciendo la aparición de complicaciones. En Aragón 43.803 pacientes recibieron servicios sanitarios y sociales relacionados con intervenciones quirúrgicas y trasplantes/implantes. Más de la mitad fueron mujeres. El cáncer de mama representa la primera causa de mortalidad por cáncer femenino y la segunda con respecto a la mortalidad general entre las mujeres españolas. Existe certeza de que el momento previo a la cirugía es el que puede generar más cantidad de estrés, y por tanto, el que necesita mayor cantidad de apoyo psicológico por parte de la redes de apoyo, que ejercen un efecto beneficioso, y de las que forman parte el personal de enfermería. Objetivos: desarrollar un programa de salud para disminuir los niveles de ansiedad sufridos por las pacientes con cáncer de mama que van a ser sometidas a una cirugía.Metodología: se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica consultando bases de datos biomédicas y páginas webs. Para construir la estrategia de búsqueda han sido empleados descriptores en ciencias de la salud así como el operador boleano AND.Conclusiones: el programa será efectivo reduciendo los niveles de ansiedad en las pacientes durante el periodo prequirúrgico, facilitando su estancia en el hospital y la de sus familiares.<br /

Efficacy of edelfosine lipid nanoparticles in breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms predominantly originating in the terminal duct lobular units. It represents the leading cause of cancer death in women and the survival frequencies for patients at advanced stages of the disease remain low. New treatment options need to be researched to improve these rates. The anti-tumor ether lipid edelfosine (ET) is the prototype of a novel generation of promising anticancer drugs. However, it presents several drawbacks for its use in cancer therapy, including gastrointestinal and hemolytic toxicity and low oral bioavailability. To overcome these obstacles, ET was encapsulated in Precirol ATO 5 lipid nanoparticles (ET-LN), and its anti-tumor potential was in vitro tested in breast cancer. The formulated ET-LN were more effective in inhibiting cell proliferation and notably decreased cell viability, showing that the cytotoxic effect of ET was considerably enhanced when ET was encapsulated. In addition, ET and ET-LN were able to promote cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Moreover, although both treatments provoked an apoptotic effect in a time-dependent manner, such anti-tumor effects were noticeably improved with ET-LN treatment. Therefore, our results indicate that encapsulating ET in LN played an essential role in improving the efficacy of the drug

Biomarkers of physical activity and exercise

Tradicionalmente, los biomarcadores han sido de interés en las ciencias del deporte para medir el rendimiento, el progreso en el entrenamiento y para identificar el sobreentrenamiento. Durante los últimos años, cada vez hay mayor interés en evaluar los efectos relacionados con la salud que se producen en el organismo debidos a una actividad física regular y al deporte. El valor o la concentración de un biomarcador depende de muchos factores, como el grado de entrenamiento, el grado de fatiga y del tipo, la intensidad y la duración del ejercicio, aparte de la edad y del sexo. La mayor parte de los biomarcadores se miden en sangre, orina y saliva. Una de las principales limitaciones que presentan los biomarcadores bioquímicos es la falta de valores de referencia adaptados específicamente para deportistas y personas físicamente activas. Las concentraciones pueden variar considerablemente de los valores de referencia normales. Por lo tanto, es importante adaptar los valores de referencia siempre y cuando sea posible y controlar a cada sujeto regularmente, con el fin de establecer su propia escala de referencia. Otros biomarcadores útiles son la composición corporal (específicamente masa muscular, masa grasa, peso), la condición física (capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza, agilidad, flexibilidad), frecuencia cardíaca y presión arterial. Dependiendo de la finalidad, será conveniente analizar uno o varios biomarcadores. Para esta revisión, profundizaremos en los biomarcadores que se emplean para evaluar condición física, fatiga crónica, sobreentrenamiento, riesgo cardiovascular, estrés oxidativo e inflamación

Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Microalgae Food Supplements

peer-reviewedThe frenetic lifestyle in the developed countries has driven us to be deficient in some nutrients, which may be overcome by supplements. Microalgae, like spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and chlorella (Chlorella ssp.) are widely used as supplements due to their high contents of macroand micronutrients. Chlorella and spirulina can be grown naturally in a range of water bodies, showing their high adaptability to harsh environments. They are mainly produced in countries with poor water quality and sometimes inexistent water legislation, which can be a vector of micropollutant introduction into the food chain. Thus, a method for the simultaneous determination of 31 emerging contaminants commonly found as micropollutants in freshwater (pharmaceutical and personal care products, hormones, flame retardants and biocides) in two microalgae is presented. Target contaminants were extracted from the microalgae employing ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The method was validated for chlorella and spirulina with recoveries ranging from 70% to 111% at concentrations of 25 and 100 ng·g −1 , and good linearity in the range from 5 to 400 ng·g −1 with limits of detection below 2.5 ng·g −1 , in both microalgae. The method validated was applied to a range of microalgae supplement foods and the results proved that the compounds studied were below limits of detection