Symmetries of the Energy-Momentum Tensor: Some Basic Facts

It has been pointed by Hall et al. [1] that matter collinations can be defined by using three different methods. But there arises the question of whether one studies matter collineations by using the ${\cal L}_\xi T_{ab}=0$, or ${\cal L}_\xi T^{ab}=0$ or ${\cal L}_\xi T_a^b=0$. These alternative conditions are, of course, not generally equivalent. This problem has been explored by applying these three definitions to general static spherically symmetric spacetimes. We compare the results with each definition.Comment: 17 pages, accepted for publication in "Communications in Theoretical Physics

Comparison of low-molecular-weight organic acids and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to enhance phytoextraction of heavy metals by maize

We compared acetic, ascorbic, and oxalic acids with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to enhance phytoextraction of nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) by maize. Except ascorbic acid, acids significantly (P < 0.05) decreased shoot dry weight with maximum (5.60 g pot-1) recorded with ascorbic acid and minimum with oxalic acid (4.06 g pot-1). Maximum ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable nickel (19.94 mg kg-1) was recorded with EDTA and it was minimum (10.57 mg kg-1) with oxalic acid. The EDTA significantly (P < 0.05) increased AB-DTPA-extractable lead while other acids decreased it. Except acetic acid, other acids significantly (P < 0.05) increased Ni and Zn concentration in shoots with maximum Ni (9.22 mg kg-1) and Zn (37.40 mg kg-1) with EDTA

Evaluation of SWEPOS second-order GNSS network stations for monitoring tropospheric water vapor

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are used in many applications demanding millimeter level accuracy in positioning. These applications includes land monitoring, crustal movements, detection of large co-seismic displacements. Water vapor is widely recognized to be of fundamental importance in determining climate and its sensitivity. Thesis work primarily focus on the assessment of the signal propagation delay estimates from GNSS by comparison with independent data sets such as measurements from climate models and other GNSS processing. This study compares Satellite measurement with other climate models for the period of 2008 - 2011. This is the first time the second order GNSS stations of SWEPOS had been studied for the Tropospheric delay. For the Nine second-order GNSS station of SWEPOS in Sweden were selected randomly to analyzing water vapor activity. The study is necessary for the Tropospheric region due to all the weather related activity occurs in this region as this region contains more than 90% water vapor. My Master Thesis project focused on evaluating the use of GNSS data from the SWEPOS network to estimate trends in Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) and their respective ZWD and ZHD, caused by the presence of atmospheric water vapor. The Swedish permanent GNSS network, SWEPOS, today consists of more than 200 stations. The 25 core stations built on solid rock base with a good electromagnetic environment. SWEPOS have been thoroughly evaluated for this purpose for many years but the more recently installed second-order stations, often built on roof-tops, may also be of interest for Atmospheric monitoring as well as Geophysical projects

Board Characteristics Impact on the Firm Performance in the Indian Context

The research aims to determine the impact of the board characteristics on the firm performance for 348 firms of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) 500 Index listed on the National Stock Exchange of India for the period 2012-2018 using (OLS) Ordinary Least Square (FEM) Fixed Effect Model and more robust (GMM) Generalized Method of Moments regression techniques. GMM regression technique also controls for the endogeneity as well as heteroscedasticity and heterogeneity in panel data. Further, the moderating effects of market capitalization are also observed considering the impact of board characteristics on the firm performance using the interaction effects technique. Lastly, the ideal board size was determined based on the classification of market capitalization including small, mid and large market cap. Board characteristics including board size and percentage of shares held by the promoters have a positive significant impact on the firm performance while the percentage of shares pledged by the promoters has a negative significant impact on the firm performance. The results show that market capitalization moderates the relationship between board characteristics and firm performance. Findings also suggest an ideal board size of 8 for mid-cap firms and a range of 7-18 for large-cap firms which show a similar result to the Kotak Committee Report (2017) recommendations with the ideal board size being a minimum of 6 directors on the board. The results cannot be generalized as only the manufacturing and services (excluding financial) industries are taken into account, but the results can be applied to the abovesaid industry sectors.   CITE THIS PAPER: Naim, Hamza; Aziz, Tariq (2022). "Board Characteristics impact on the Firm Performance in the Indian Context" Journal of World Economy: Transformations &amp; Transitions (JOWETT) 2(05):19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52459/jowett2519102

An Overview of Deforestation Causes and Its Environmental Hazards in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa

The current review study is design to highlight the facts, main causes and impacts of deforestation and forest degradation in Khyber Puthtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study is based on literature review. According to the findings of the current study the people are dependent on these forests and contribute to deforestation in one of different ways. The study shows that the extensive deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa occurred for household needs such as cooking, furniture, heating, earning etc. Another growing cause is the role of black marketing and stake holders on these forests. Meanwhile the ineffective management and ignorance of the forest department is one of the major contributing factors in deforestation. In addition to this, the nonscientific grazing is a key point in the deforestation. Unemployment and poverty is another attractive factor in the degradation of these forests. The most adverse impacts of deforestation in Pakistan are flooding, climatic changes, land sliding, land degradation, soil erosion and desertification. The underlying causes of deforestation in Pakistan need the attention of government authority to resolve these causes, implementing strong rules regulations in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of deforestation and save this ecosystem. Keywords: Deforestation, Causes, Environmental hazards, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa

Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Epoxy-Composites: Electrical And Mechanical Characterization

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) got great attention because of their interesting physical and mechanical properties. Due to these interesting properties observed at the nanoscale have motivated scientific community to utilize CNTs as reinforcement in composite materials. In the present study, different CNTs and epoxy nano-composites with different wt% (1, 2, 3, and 4%) of f-MWCNTs were prepared and their surface morphology and orientation has been investigated in detail. Further, the surface investigation, electrical and mechanical tests were carried out on CNTs-filled and unfilled epoxy at maximum sonication time 30 minute to identify the loading effect on the properties of the materials. Experimental results depicts well dispersion of f-MWCNTs, significant improvement that the resistivity of pure epoxy decreased from 108 .m to average value 103 .m with 1, 2, 3, and 4wt% f-MWCNTs. The 4.5wt% CNTs/epoxy was attributed to poor dispersion of f-MWCNTs in the nanocomposte. The hardness of nanocomposite loading 1, 2, 3, 4wt% of CNTs, increased 20.7%, 23.02%, 25.62%, 29.09% respectively as compared to pure epoxy. We believe that our strategy for obtaining CNT–reinforced epoxy nanocomposites is a very promising technology and will open a new doors in fields of aviation, aerospace, marine and sporting goods

Meningkatkan Efektivitas Pemasaran pada Perusahaan Crane dengan Metode QSPM

PT. Indocrane Wahana Solusindo (IWASO) adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang penjualan crane, menghadapi tantangan dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya di tengah persaingan industri yang ketat. Berdasarkan kutipan dari Direktur diketahui terindikasi penurunan penjualan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir menunjukkan bahwa perlu segera mengembangkan strategi pemasaran yang lebih efektif untuk mengatasi tantangan pasar, meningkatkan pertumbuhan bisnis serta memperkuat posisi kami di tengah persaingan industri yang semakin ketat. Berdasarkan data penjualan perusahaan yang tidak kunjung naik, maka studi ini perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan strategi pemasaran yang efektif sehingga membantu perusahaan dalam meningkatkan penjualan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor utama yang termasuk dalam Evaluasi Faktor Internal dan Evaluasi Faktor Eksternal IWASO, serta merancang strategi pemasaran yang efektif untuk penjualan crane di perusahaan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix untuk mengevaluasi dan menentukan prioritas strategi pemasaran yang paling tepat berdasarkan analisis terhadap faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal perusahaan. Analisis IFE dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan internal perusahaan, sementara analisis EFE digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi peluang dan ancaman eksternal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan internal serta peluang dan ancaman eksternal, IWASO dapat meningkatkan daya saingnya di pasar crane. Kontribusi penelitian ini adalah memberikan rekomendasi strategi pemasaran yang efektif bagi IWASO. Implementasi praktis dari hasil penelitian ini memberikan prioritas strategi yang paling efektif untuk diterapkan yaitu mengembangkan digitalisasi produk untuk meningkatkan pangsa pasar dan memperkuat hubungan pelanggan loyal dengan memberikan penawaran khusus purna jual

Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in the Indian Context

In this study, we examine the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a measure of Corporate Governance on firm performance for 348 firms in the NSE 500 Index listed in the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India for the period 2012-2019. The results show that the total amount spent on CSR by the firms has a negative impact on the firm performance as there is a significant difference between the total amount incurred to be spent on CSR as per amendments in the Companies Act, 2013 and the total amount actually spent on CSR by the firms. It’s concluded that the number of CSR meetings held had no significant impact on firm performance. Results also show that firm size moderates the relationship between CSR and firm performance.   CITE THIS PAPER: Hayat, Feeroz; Naim, Hamza; Aziz, Tariq (2022). "Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in the Indian Context" Journal of World Economy: Transformations &amp; Transitions (JOWETT) 2(04):16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52459/jowett2416092