The effects of aerobic exercise with lavender essence use on cognitive state and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly with mild cognitive impairment

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week aerobic exercise and lavender essence on cognitive states and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods: In this clinical study, 40 elderly whose scores for mini–mental state examination (MMSE) ranged 21 to 25 were purposively selected by simple sampling. They were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: aerobic exercise, lavender extract, aerobic-lavender. and placebo. They underwent their respective treatments for 12 weeks. The aerobic exercise consisted of 8-minute running session with intensity of 75-85 HRR Max for the first session. One minute was added to the running span after each 2 sessions. Accordingly, the running span reached 26 minutes at the end of the 12-week exercise period. To conduct treatment with lavender, 2 drops of lavender essence were administered twice a day. Before and after the treatments, cognitive state was measured and blood samples collected to measure BDNF.Results: BDNF levels of the exercise and exercise + lavender groups increased significantly compared to those of the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the cognitive states of the 3 intervention groups increased significantly compared to that of the placebo group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Combination of 12-week aerobic exercise and lavender may decelerate or probably halt the progressive process of the impairment via improving the cognitive state in elderly with MCI

The effect of continuous and intermittent training on resting level and acute response of salivary IgA and total protein in male basketball players

زمینه و هدف: ایمونوگلوبولین A بزاقی (S-IgA) اصلی ترین بخش سیستم ایمنی در مجاری تنفسی فوقانی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر تمرینات تداومی و تناوبی بر سطوح استراحتی و پاسخ سریع ایمنی مخاطی انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی 20 بسکتبالیست مرد به مدت هشت هفته تمرینات تداومی و تناوبی را انجام دادند. پنج میلی لیتر بزاق تحریک نشده قبل، بلافاصله و یکساعت پس از پایان یک جلسه فعالیت در آغاز و پایان دوره جهت تعیین پاسخ سریع ایمنی مخاطی جمع آوری شد. همچنین هر دو هفته یکبار قبل از تمرین نمونه های بزاقی جمع آوری شد. میزان ایمنوگلوبولین A و پروتئین تام بزاق اندازه گیری و داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری اسمیرنوف-کولموگروف تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و t زوجی تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: یک جلسه فعالیت در آغاز هفته اول موجب کاهش معنی دار S-IgA شد (001/0

UTJECAJ VRSTE AKTIVNOSTI NA LIPIDNI PROFIL I KONCENTRACIJU ADIPONEKTINA U SEDENTARNIH MUŠKARACA

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of the type of exercise on lipid profile and adiponectin level in sedentary young men by 24-hour follow up exercise. Thirty young males with normal body mass index (BMI) were selected randomly and assigned to three groups: aerobic (30 min activity with 60 to 70% maximum oxygen uptake), resistance (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one maximum repetition), and concurrent (aerobic exercise for 20 min and resistance exercise for 2 sets) exercise. Lipid and adiponectin profiles were measured before and 24-hour after exercise. Results indicated that the type of exercise had an effect on the lipid response but did not have an effect on the concentration of adiponectin. The concentrations of cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in resistance group reduced significantly 24- hour after exercise in comparison to the basic values (p<0,05). Moreover, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration also reduced but it was not significant. The type of exercise had no effect on triglyceride (TG) response. However, when group\u27s data combined, there was a significant reduction in TG concentration. Based on the results, it is concluded that the adiponectin responses to exercise are independent of the type of exercise but resistance exercise has more positive effects on changes in lipid profile than aerobic and concurrent exercises.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti utjecaj vrste vježbanja na lipidni profil i razinu adiponektina u sedentarnih mladića od 24-sata nakon treninga. Trideset mladih muškaraca s normalnim indeksom tjelesne mase (BMI) odabrani su nasumično i razvrstani u tri skupine: aerobnu (30 min aerobnih aktivnosti sa 60 do 70% od maksimalnog primitka kisika), skupinu treninga snage (3 serije po 10 ponavljanja na 70% od 1RM), te mješovitu (aerobna tjelovježba kroz 20 min i trening snage sa 2 serije) Lipidni i adiponektinski profili su mjereni prije i 24 sata nakon vježbanja. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta vježbe ima utjecaj na lipidni odgovor, ali nema utjecaj na koncentraciju adiponektina. Koncentracije ukupnog kolesterola i HDL-C kolesterola u grupi treninga snage je značajno smanjena 24-sata nakon vježbanja u usporedbi s osnovnim vrijednostima (p<0,05). Osim toga, kolesterol niske gustoće (LDL-C) se također smanjio, ali ne značajno. Vrsta aktivnosti nije imala utjecaja na trigliceride (U skupini mješovitih aktivnosti uočeno je značajno smanjenje koncentracije triglicerida. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata zaključuje se da adiponektinski odgovor ovisi o vrsti vježbe, ali vježbe snage imaju pozitivnije učinke na promjene lipidnog profila od aerobnih vježbi

The Effect of Short-Term Treadmill Exercise on the Expression Level of TFAM in the Heart of Nicotine-Sensitized Rats

Introduction: TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor A) is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and induces anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Nicotine can also alter the function of cardiovascular system and induce heart failure and other heart diseases. Interestingly, it has been reported that exercise can interfere with the effects of nicotine, and change the expression pattern of different genes. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of short-term treadmill exercise on the expression level of TFAM in the heart of nicotine-sensitized rats.Materials and Methods: Nicotine was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 0.21 mg/kg. Treadmill exercise was performed during 14 days, according to the study’s protocol.Results: The results revealed that nicotine reduced the expression of TFAM. The treadmill (Fourteen-day training) increased the expression of TFAM in the heart of the control rats. Furthermore, 14-day training with treadmill restored the effect of nicotine on the expression of TFAM in nicotine-sensitized rats.Conclusion: Nicotine induced pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects via down-regulating the expression of TFAM. Fourteen -day training with treadmill induced a protective effect against nicotine-induced cardiac apoptosis and oxidative stress, via restoring the effect of nicotine on TFAM. The results are indicative of the fact that short-term treadmill exercise may decrease the risk of heart failure and other cardiac diseases. 

Association of Body Surface Area and Body Composition with Heart Structural Characteristics of Female Swimmers

In healthy nonathletic populations, some left ventricle (LV) parameters such as LV mass (LVM) and LV end diastolic dimension (LVEDD) can be predicted by some of body size parameters such as body surface area (BSA), fat-free mass (FFM), and height (H). These body size parameters use to remove covariate influence of body size from cardiac dimension variables and allow comparisons to be made between individuals and groups of different body size. Endurance exercise has been associated with changes in LV size and body composition of athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate in 30 trained female swimmers (age range 12-17 years) possible correlations between BSA, FFM, fat mass (FM) determined by bioelectrical impedance analyzer(BIA); and a range of cardiac dimensions derived by echocardiography. Univariate correlations were studied between left ventricular and body size variables. Stepwise multiple linear regression was performed to determine the best determinants of LV variables. LVM and LVEDD had a significant relation with FFM and BSA (p\u3c0.001), (p\u3c0.05) respectively. Left ventricle posterior wall thickness (PWT) had a significant relation with BSA (p\u3c0.001) and FFM (p\u3c0.005). No relation was found between heart’s structural variable (LVM, LVEDD, LVESD and PWT) and FM. Using a multivariate regression analysis, FFM was the only independent predictor of both LVM (R2=0.541, p\u3c0.001) and LVEDD (R2=0.189, P\u3c0.05). These results suggest that Correction of LVM and LVEDD by FFM in athletes may be more appropriate than other measures of body size for indexing absolute amounts of LV dimension. Yet further researches in other athletes are required to confirm these findings. Key words: Indexation, LVM, LVEDD, fat-free mass, athlet

The effect of exercise mode and intensity of submaximal physical activities on salivary testosterone to cortisol ratio and α-amylase in young active males

We examined the effect of exercise intensity and mode on the acute responses of free testosterone to cortisol ratio and salivary α-amylase. We also evaluated the relationship between cortisol and salivary α-amylase. Ten healthy young active males participated voluntarily in this study in six single sessions. They exercised on a cycle ergo meter, treadmill, and elliptical instrument at intensities of 70% and 85% maximum heart rate for 25 minutes. Saliva samples were collected 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after each exercise session. No significant changes were observed for cortisol. Free testosterone to cortisol ratio increased during each exercise session (F5, 45=3.15, P=0.02). However, these changes are only significant after exercise on the treadmill at 70% maximum heart rate (t=2.94, P=0.02) and 85% maximum heart rate (t=0.53, P=0.03). Salivary α-amylase significantly varied among exercise sessions (F5, 45=3.97, P=0.005), and a significant decline was observed after exercise on the elliptical instrument (t=2.38, P=0.04) and treadmill (t=3.55, P=0.006) at 85% maximum heart rate. We found that the free testosterone to cortisol ratio is dependent on the exercise mode, while the salivary α-amylase response is dependent on the intensity of exercise. The increase of free testosterone to cortisol ratio in this study may indicate lower physiological stress in response to performing these exercises. Applying muscular strength with moderate intensity weight-bearing exercises possibly activates the anabolic pathways. Although the cortisol and salivary α-amylase responses were opposite in the majority of the exercise sessions, no significant inverse relationship was observed

Effect of excessive Arm Swing on Speed and Cadence of walking

Introduction: One of the changes in the movement patterns that can be seen in upper limb swing is the excessive increase in upper limb movement and swing during walking. As temporal parameters such as cadence and speed in stationary and mobile environments can be equally used to determine early fall potentials, Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of excessive arm swing on speed and cadence of walking. Material and Methods: 30 healthy subjects were exposed to Vicon 10 motion capture system analysis and were asked to first walk normally at normal speeds and then move their hands excessively while walking at the same speed. The temporal data were extracted and analyzed by Matlab software. Descriptive (mean, SD) and Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data distribution, and paired sample t-test were used to compare the patterns. Results: there was a significant difference in cadence and speed variables, between the means of natural arm swing and excessive arm swing modes (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Given these results, it should be considered that the effects of upper limb pattern changes on the lower limbs and gait can compensate for the lack of attention to movement and pattern of upper extremity positioning during walking

The response of pre-inflammatory cytokines factors to different exercises (endurance, resistance, concurrent) in overweight men

Applying several energy systems and concurrent performing of various training models have a more effective role in preventing precocious occurrence of many diseases compared to training single energy system. This can be seen in case of physiologic and metabolic adaptations of the human body too. The present study attempted to investigate the effect of endurance, resistance and concurrent (endurance–resistance) training on pre-inflammatory cytokines in overweight men. Accordingly, 43 healthy overweight (BMI = 28.56± 2.67) young (23.7± 3.3 yr) students were volunteered to participate and randomly divided into three experimental (n= 11) and one control (n= 10) groups. The experimental groups performed 3 days/wk endurance, resistance and concurrent training for 8 weeks. Also, prior to and after the training, a blood sample was collected from the subjects in order to measure pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a). Following 8 week training, repeated measure ANOVA results showed a significant difference in IL-1b (P =0.046) and IL-6 (P = 0.009) compared to baseline. However, this was not the case with the TNF-a. Furthermore, between group comparisons showed significant difference in IL-6 (P =0.020) between endurance and resistance groups. Within group comparisons (depended t student test) also showed a significant difference in IL-1b and IL-6 of endurance and concurrent groups compared to baseline. Generally, it can be concluded that endurance and concurrent exercise training in part has a positive effect on pre-inflammatory cytokines

The Effect of Aerobic Training with Vitamin D on Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis and Anti- Apoptotic Indices of Heart Tissue of Rats Exposed to Oxidative Damage Induced by H2O2

Introduction: Apoptosis plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training (AT) with Vitamin D (VD) on extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and anti- apoptotic indices of heart tissue of rats exposed to oxidative damage induced by H2O2.Methods: In this experimental study, 60 rats were selected and randomly placed into 10 groups of six, including 1) 1 mmol / kg H2O2, 2) 2 mmol / kg H2O2, 3) VD + 1 mmol / kg H2O2, 4) AT + 1 mmol / kg H2O2, 5) AT + VD + 1 mmol / kg H2O2, 6) VD + 2 mmol / kg H2O2, 7) AT + 2 mmol / kg H2O2, 8) AT + VD + 2 mmol / kg H2O2, 9) sham and 10) control. During eight weeks, the rats in groups 1-9 were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 at specific doses three times a week; the rats in groups 4, 5, 7 and 8 performed aerobic trainings, and the rats in groups 3, 5, 6 and 8 received 0.5 μg / kg of vitamin D3 intraperitoneally daily. Protein concentrations of Caspase 8, Fas and FLIP were measured in rat heart tissue. For analysis of the research findings, Kolmogorov- Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA along with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used (p≤0.05). Results: H2O2 has a significant effect on the increase of Caspase 8, Fas and FLIP in the heart tissue of rats (p≤0.05); eight weeks of aerobic training and Vitamin D intake has a significant effect on decreasing the concentration of Caspase 8, Fas and increase of FLIP in the heart tissue of rats exposed to oxidative damage induced by 1 and 2 m/mol/kg H2O2 (p ≤0.05); aerobic training and Vitamin D intake has significant interactions in the reduction of Caspase 8, Fas in the heart tissue of rats exposed to oxidative damage induced by 1 and 2 m/mol/kg H2O2 (p≤0.05), however, it does not have interactive effect on the increased FLIP of the heart tissue of rats exposed to oxidative damage induced by 1 and 2 m/mol/kg H2O2 (p≥0.05). Conclusion: It seems that performing aerobic training activities and simultaneous consumption of vitamin D supplement has interactive effects on reducing some of the extrinsic pathway indices of apoptosis in the heart tissue of H2O2-rats exposed to oxidative damage induced by H2O2