A Comparative Study of Psychiatric Disorders and Coping Strategies between HIV Patients and Healthy Subjects in Khorramshahr

Introduction: HIV infection is a common viral infection that affects humans and is one of the main causes of premature death, with a tremendous growth, particularly in Africa and developing countries and among young populations. In addition to the underlying factors, individuals' psychological traits and inability to cope with stressful situations are supposed to be among the accelerating factors in people with the disease. The aim of this study was to compare HIV patients with psychiatric disorders and coping strategies with healthy subjects in Khorramshahr, Iran Methods: The subjects were purposefully selected. The tools were SCL90 and problem solving skills questionnaires. Subjects filled out both questionnaires individually. To compare psychological symptoms and quality of life between the groups , multivariate analysis and regression analysis were used . Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in obsessive scale (p =0.034 and T =2.18) and fear (p=0.04,T=2.11).Moreover, both groups were significantly different in strategies for coping stress, that is Problem-oriented coping style (p = 0.00 and T=4.631), emotional (p= 0.01 and T=2.566) and avoidant (p=0.02,T=-2.358). Between the two groups no significant difference could be observed in four subscales of sensitivity, fear, paranoid thoughts, and psychosis. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that HIV leads to a general decline in mental disorders and efficient and effective coping styles. Patients with HIV are faced with numerous psychological and biological problems which make them different from other people. In general, social and psychological factors are involved in building and creating this condition. The person's personal and social problems will increase after he is infected with HIV. Taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease, as well as medical, psychological and social work to reduce disease progression and greater consistency can be effective in helping people with this disease

A Comparative Study of Psychiatric Disorders and Coping Strategies between HIV Patients and Healthy Subjects in Khorramshahr

Introduction: HIV infection is a common viral infection that affects humans and is one of the main causes of premature death, with a tremendous growth, particularly in Africa and developing countries and among young populations. In addition to the underlying factors, individuals' psychological traits and inability to cope with stressful situations are supposed to be among the accelerating factors in people with the disease. The aim of this study was to compare HIV patients with psychiatric disorders and coping strategies with healthy subjects in Khorramshahr, Iran Methods: The subjects were purposefully selected. The tools were SCL90 and problem solving skills questionnaires. Subjects filled out both questionnaires individually. To compare psychological symptoms and quality of life between the groups , multivariate analysis and regression analysis were used . Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in obsessive scale (p =0.034 and T =2.18) and fear (p=0.04,T=2.11).Moreover, both groups were significantly different in strategies for coping stress, that is Problem-oriented coping style (p = 0.00 and T=4.631), emotional (p= 0.01 and T=2.566) and avoidant (p=0.02,T=-2.358). Between the two groups no significant difference could be observed in four subscales of sensitivity, fear, paranoid thoughts, and psychosis. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that HIV leads to a general decline in mental disorders and efficient and effective coping styles. Patients with HIV are faced with numerous psychological and biological problems which make them different from other people. In general, social and psychological factors are involved in building and creating this condition. The person's personal and social problems will increase after he is infected with HIV. Taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease, as well as medical, psychological and social work to reduce disease progression and greater consistency can be effective in helping people with this disease

A Comparative Study of Psychiatric Disorders and Coping Strategies between HIV Patients and Healthy Subjects in Khorramshahr

Introduction: HIV infection is a common viral infection that affects humans and is one of the main causes of premature death, with a tremendous growth, particularly in Africa and developing countries and among young populations. In addition to the underlying factors, individuals' psychological traits and inability to cope with stressful situations are supposed to be among the accelerating factors in people with the disease. The aim of this study was to compare HIV patients with psychiatric disorders and coping strategies with healthy subjects in Khorramshahr, Iran Methods: The subjects were purposefully selected. The tools were SCL90 and problem solving skills questionnaires. Subjects filled out both questionnaires individually. To compare psychological symptoms and quality of life between the groups , multivariate analysis and regression analysis were used . Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in obsessive scale (p =0.034 and T =2.18) and fear (p=0.04,T=2.11).Moreover, both groups were significantly different in strategies for coping stress, that is Problem-oriented coping style (p = 0.00 and T=4.631), emotional (p= 0.01 and T=2.566) and avoidant (p=0.02,T=-2.358). Between the two groups no significant difference could be observed in four subscales of sensitivity, fear, paranoid thoughts, and psychosis. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that HIV leads to a general decline in mental disorders and efficient and effective coping styles. Patients with HIV are faced with numerous psychological and biological problems which make them different from other people. In general, social and psychological factors are involved in building and creating this condition. The person's personal and social problems will increase after he is infected with HIV. Taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease, as well as medical, psychological and social work to reduce disease progression and greater consistency can be effective in helping people with this disease

The Effect of a Peer-Group Support Intervention Program on the Tensions of Mothers with Premature Neonates Admitted to the Intensive Care Units in Babol, Iran

Abstract Introduction: Admission of premature neonates to the neonates intensive care unit (NICU) encounters mothers with tension, which affects mother-neonate relationship. The current study aimed at investigating the impact of peer support on the tension of mothers of premature infants admitted to NICUs of the selected hospitals in Babol, Iran. Methods: The current before-and-after, two-group, quasi-experimental study, was conducted on 40 mothers with neonates who recently admitted to NICU in order to participate in peer-group support program. The amount of tension in the study participants was measured, before and after the intervention and the results were compared with those of the control group, using parental tension scale: NICU. Results: The average tension in the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention, and comparison of measures between the groups were125.2 (23.10), 135.2 (19.88), 33.35 (8.19), and 49.40 (18.63), respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean score of tension before and after the intervention in both the study groups. There was no significant difference in tension scores between the two groups, before and after the intervention. Conclusions: Hospitals should meet the requirements o

The role of bilingualism and personal variables in reading literacy performance of bilingual students based on the PIRLS study (2001)

  Today, bilingualism and multilingualism are a global phenomenon and almost rarely, a country can be found in which at least population of its small part does not speak two or more languages. Bilingualism or multilingualism is one of the crucial problems of educational system that has created numerous challenges in formal education especially in the early years. The main purpose of the training curriculum is noticing reinforcing and training skills of listening, reading, speaking and writing. Among the language skills, reading skill is one of the most important learning needs of students in their today life and perhaps the most important skill among school skills. Progress International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is an initiative program for assessing reading ability of children in fourth grade which has been measured reading process every five years. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of bilingualism and individual variables on bilingual students' reading literacy performance based on the PIRLS study (2001). Structural equation model is used for research data analysis. Results from this model indicated that the direct impact of two hybrid languages ​​at home and school variable has significant effect on reading literacy performance statistically. Also, direct effect of other personal variables on reading literacy performance of students was also significant.

The role of bilingualism and personal variables in reading literacy performance of bilingual students based on the PIRLS study (2001)

  Today, bilingualism and multilingualism are a global phenomenon and almost rarely, a country can be found in which at least population of its small part does not speak two or more languages. Bilingualism or multilingualism is one of the crucial problems of educational system that has created numerous challenges in formal education especially in the early years. The main purpose of the training curriculum is noticing reinforcing and training skills of listening, reading, speaking and writing. Among the language skills, reading skill is one of the most important learning needs of students in their today life and perhaps the most important skill among school skills. Progress International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is an initiative program for assessing reading ability of children in fourth grade which has been measured reading process every five years. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of bilingualism and individual variables on bilingual students' reading literacy performance based on the PIRLS study (2001). Structural equation model is used for research data analysis. Results from this model indicated that the direct impact of two hybrid languages ​​at home and school variable has significant effect on reading literacy performance statistically. Also, direct effect of other personal variables on reading literacy performance of students was also significant.

The role of bilingualism and personal variables in reading literacy performance of bilingual students based on the PIRLS study (2001)

  Today, bilingualism and multilingualism are a global phenomenon and almost rarely, a country can be found in which at least population of its small part does not speak two or more languages. Bilingualism or multilingualism is one of the crucial problems of educational system that has created numerous challenges in formal education especially in the early years. The main purpose of the training curriculum is noticing reinforcing and training skills of listening, reading, speaking and writing. Among the language skills, reading skill is one of the most important learning needs of students in their today life and perhaps the most important skill among school skills. Progress International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is an initiative program for assessing reading ability of children in fourth grade which has been measured reading process every five years. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of bilingualism and individual variables on bilingual students' reading literacy performance based on the PIRLS study (2001). Structural equation model is used for research data analysis. Results from this model indicated that the direct impact of two hybrid languages ​​at home and school variable has significant effect on reading literacy performance statistically. Also, direct effect of other personal variables on reading literacy performance of students was also significant.

Effective Factors on Theoretical Classes Attendance of Dentistry Students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Background & Objective: Classrooms are suitable environment for transferring teachers’ experiences to students and gaining a better understanding of educational contents. The students’ absence from theoretical classes has been one of the increasing and most important educational problems in medical universities in recent years. This study was performed to determine factors effective on theoretical class attendance according to the point of view of dentistry students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2012. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 students of the School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, in 2012. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts: demographic characteristics and effective factors on theoretical class attendance questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions scored based on a 5-point Likert scale, from very effective to ineffective, and scores ranging from 0 to 80. Higher scores indicated more effective factors. Data were analyzed by SPSS software through linear regression analysis. Values of P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Of the 150 participants, 58.7% were female, 83.3% were single, and 61.3% were native students. The mean age of the participants was 20.7 ± 1.7 years. The mean score of the students was 58.24 ± 9.59. A significant statistical relationship was observed between area of residence, year of education, and sex of students and mean score of questionnaire. Among factors effective on theoretical class attendance, the highest score belonged to appropriate teaching method, teachers' scientific proficiency, students' interest in the related topic. However, taking part in the class as a duty and active involvement of students had the lowest scores. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that attendance in classes is affected by factors related to both teachers and students. However, appropriate teaching method, teachers' scientific proficiency, and students' interest in the related topic are the main factors which determine students' attendance in the classes. Keywords Effective factors Attendance Theoretical lessons Dentistry students Kerman (Iran

The unfinished agenda of communicable diseases among children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. METHODS: In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0-24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990-2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15-19 years in low-SDI settings. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. FUNDING: The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts