Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus

In 2014 a DNA-based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 years. We do not agree with the arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of taxonomy and of formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina

Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions

The emergence of hybrids between native and introduced species is an increasingly widespread problem which can alter entire ecosystems. We present a general model for the hybridization of two plant species to investigate the conditions under which hybrid invasions can occur, and the ecological and genetic consequences of such hybridizations. We find that parental compatibility and fecundity are important determinants of whether (and at what rate) hybrid genotypes emerge. Enhanced hybrid fitness traits affect both the population's genetic structure and total rate of increase, with rapid selection for the fittest genotype. Conversely, if different genotypes maximize different life-history characteristics, the ensuing population can be genetically very variable. The model provides a novel approach to evaluate the contributions of population dynamic and genetic processes in the study of hybrid invasions

Vegetation and Flora of A Biodiversity Hotspot: Pine Hill, El Dorado County, California, USA

Volume: 56Start Page: 246End Page: 27

Survival of the rare Packera layneae (Asteraceae), under chaparral and after fire

Conservation of rare plants requires an understanding of how the species responds to natural and artificial disturbance dynamics. For chaparral species this includes the natural disturbances of fire and shrub canopy closure during the interfire period, and the effect of shrub clearing for fuel reduction. Packera layneae is a federally listed rare herbaceous perennial subject to all these disturbances; its center of distribution is upon the gabbro soils surrounding Pine Hill in western El Dorado County, CA an area known as a hotspot of botanical diversity. Combining genetic data with mapping following a 2007 wildfire in Shingle Springs, we found that the species survives fire and chaparral overgrowth due to underground rhizomes and caudices that resprout after fire and enable its persistence under dense chaparral canopies; as well, seed recruitment of new genetic individuals occurred within discrete patches. Seedlings were not found the spring following the 2007 fire, suggesting fire killed the soft-walled seeds. Surveys across the Pine Hill area from 2005-2007 found populations flowering and producing seed in recently burned and cleared areas as well as under mature chaparral; however, the proportion of plants flowering decreased as shrub density increased. From our 2019 surveys of a new 4.25 km fuel break around the perimeter of Pine Hill in Rescue, CA (0.983 km2 ) we found the species resprouted from plants growing under the dense chaparral canopy on the southern, eastern, and western aspects but did not occur on the northern exposure or under dense oak canopy. As the seedling regeneration niche is unknown, preservation of established populations is vital to the long-term persistence of the species

Effects of a firebreak on plants and wildlife at Pine Hill, a biodiversity hotspot, El Dorado County, California

We examined the effects of hand clearing and pile burning of chaparral on plants and wildlife on the perimeter of Pine Hill 1–2 years after clearing. Pine Hill is home to four federally listed plant species, necessitating botanical surveys prior to clearing activities to prevent harming these species. We found over 65 new locations for the listed plants. We compared vegetation within burn scars, in cleared only plots, and in intact chaparral (control) and the germination and survival of a listed species, Ceanothus roderickii (Pine Hill Ceanothus). The density of C. roderickii seedlings was far lower in the cleared, unburned treatment than in the burned treatments, while mature C. roderickii was only present in unburned treatments and mature chaparral. Intact chaparral had higher cover but lower species richness of both native and exotic species than all disturbed treatments. The cleared only treatment had almost three times the cover by exotic grasses as did the burned treatments, and cover by presumably palatable, native and exotic species, was almost twice that of the burned treatments; mature chaparral contained few palatable plants, i.e. those identified as having wildlife value by Conrad (1987). Increased availability of palatable plants in treated areas may have contributed to 3–4 times higher probabilities of detection by cameras of herbivores in treated versus intact chaparral; which may have attracted smaller predators (bobcats [Lynx rufus] and gray foxes [Urocyon cinereoargenteus]) that were positively associated with western grey squirrel (Sciurus griseus) detections. Large carnivore detections were higher in areas with higher mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) detections. Larger animals (pumas [Puma concolor], black bears [Ursus americanus], and mule deer) were detected 2–4 times more in treated areas, likely due to the physical impediment of mature chaparral. Invasion of nonnative grasses and increased wildlife usage may have been accelerated through the creation of firebreaks; continued monitoring will investigate long-term effects

Evolution of a new ecotype of Spartina Alterniflora (Poaceae) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA

We report the discovery and spread of a dwarf ecotype of Spartina alterniflora in San Francisco Bay. Relative to typical S. alterniflora, this dwarf ecotype has one-fifth the tiller height (~21 cm), tenfold the tiller density (~4000 tillers/m²), and is restricted to growth in the upper intertidal zone. Chromosome counts of the dwarfs are identical to typical smooth cordgrass (2n = 62), and smooth cordgrass-specific random amplified DNA markers confirm the species identity of the dwarf. Field-collected clonal fragments of the dwarf grown for 2 yr under high-nutrient conditions maintained the dwarf syndrome, as did plants grown from the seed of a dwarf. The dwarf condition is not caused by endophytic fungi. The first dwarf smooth cordgrass patch was discovered in 1991, and by 1996 five separate dwarf patches had appeared within 200 m of the original. Since 1991, total area covered by the dwarf ecotype has increased sixfold to 140 m². The ecological range of the dwarf smooth cordgrass ecotype is similar to that of S. patens, a competitor on the Atlantic coast. We suggest that the absence of S. patens from most of San Francisco Bay has allowed the dwarf ecotype of smooth cordgrass to survive and spread

The detection of viral genomes by polymerase chain reaction in the myocardium of pediatric patients with advanced HIV disease

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of viral nucleic acid detection in the myocardium of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children to determine whether an association exists with the development of heart disease. BACKGROUND As improved medical interventions increase the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients, increased incidences of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are becoming more apparent, even in patients without clinical symptoms. METHODS Myocardial samples were obtained from the postmortem hearts of 32 HIV-infected children and from 32 age-matched controls consisting of patients with structural congenital heart disease and no myocardial inflammation and no cardiac or systemic viral infection. The hearts were examined histologically and analyzed for the presence of viral sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Myocarditis was detected histologically in 11 of the 32 HIV-infected patients, and borderline myocarditis was diagnosed in another 13 cases. Infiltrates were confined to the epicardium in two additional hearts. Virus sequences were detected by PCR in 11 of these 26 cases (42.3%); adenovirus in 6, CMV in 3 and both adenovirus and CMV in 2. Two cases without infiltrates were also positive for adenovirus: one had congestive heart failure (CHF) and the other adenoviral pneumonia. No other viruses were detected by PCR, including HIV proviral DNA. All control samples were negative for all viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the presence of viral nucleic acid in the myocardium is common in HIV-infected children, and may relate to the development of myocarditis, DCM or CHF and may contribute to the rapid progression of HIV disease

Strategies of learning and teaching on the cellular division processes at the basic level

A recente explosão do conhecimento da genética molecular e o avanço da indústria da biotecnologia requerem que o público compreenda muitos conceitos da genética para a tomada de decisões sobre a pertinência do uso dessas novas ferramentas. Durante os últimos 30 anos a literatura educacional produziu conceitos e teorias para lidar com estas dificuldades, mas a maioria dos professores desconhece estas produções, principalmente porque os periódicos de referência são publicados em línguas estrangeiras (principalmente em inglês). Esta pesquisa-ação pretende preencher esta lacuna e foi baseada em testes que envolveram 283 estudantes de 12 a 15 anos de idade. Nela descrevemos as concepções dos estudantes sobre a localização e transmissão da informação genética antes e após a aplicação de uma seqüência didática elaborada especificamente para desenvolver estratégias metacognitivas de aprendizagem. As idéias dos estudantes foram colhidas por meio dos questionários e redações, nas quais os estudantes descrevem como imaginam ser o interior das células e dos gametas. Verificamos que as crianças do ensino fundamental possuem concepções semelhantes àquelas descritas para estudantes do ensino médio. A comparação das redações produzidas pelos estudantes antes e após a aplicação da seqüência didática permitiu verificar que o padrão mais comum de aprendizagem é sincrético, ou seja, as crianças tendem a distorcer as informações oferecidas pelo professor em virtude da existência de conhecimentos prévios. Por fim, a descrição e a documentação de seqüências didáticas planejadas a partir de conhecimentos produzidos na literatura educacional permitem o entendimento dos processos de transposição didática e a relação deste com a aprendizagem dos estudantes.The recent knowledge explosion on the areas of genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology introduced many new concepts hard for common people to grasp in their decision-making processes. During the last 30 years or so the educational literature produced concepts and theories to cope with these difficulties but the vast majority of our elementary and highschool teachers remain unaware of them possibly because the available literature is written in foreign languages (mainly in English). The action-research here presented intends to fill this gap and was based on tests performed with 283 students aged 12 to 15. We describe their conceptions on the location and transmission of genetic information before and after the application of a didactic sequence specifically elaborated to develop metacognitive learning strategies. The students\' ideas were gathered by means of questionnaires and through essays describing how they imagine the interior of cells and germ-cells. We verified that children on basic educational level have conceptions very similar to those of students of middle-level education. The paired comparison of before and after essays suggests the existence of a common, syncretic learning standard. In plain language, the results indicate that previous informal knowledge of children tends to distort the formal information transmitted by their teachers. It is clear that the description and documentation of planned didactic sequences, available from the specialized literature, provide the understanding of the didactic transposition process and its relation with the students´ learning process