The effect of valproic acid on rat ovarium and the protective role of vitamin E and folic acid: An ultrastructural study

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of valproic acid and protective effects of vitamin E and folic acid on rat ovary ultrastructural changes. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group of rats was used as control. The second group was injected valproic acid. The third group was injected valproic acid + folic acid and the fourth group was given valproic acid + vitamin E. At the end of the study, ovarium tissues were taken under anesthesia. Tissues were prepared and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Microscopically, the groups are cited as follows: Control group (in which the ovarium tissue was normal), valproic acid group (which showed increase in lipid content plus mitochondrial crystalysis seen in folliculer and theca interna cells of rat ovarium), valproic acid + folic acid group (in which the theca interna and granulosa cells of rat ovarium had normal appearance) and valproic acid + vitamin E group (where all the organelles of theca interna and granulosa cells of rat ovarium were observed to be normal). Vitamin E and folic acid have protective effects against valproic acid-induced tissue damage in rat ovaries.Keywords: Valproic acid, vitamin E, folic acid, ovarium, ratAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(34), pp. 5616-5622, 23 August, 201

Median Distance Model for Likert-Type Items in Contingency Table Analysis

Likert-type items (questions) are a widely used scale in questionnaire design. The “neutral” or “undecided” option may lead to misinterpretation and confusion about the results. This paper proposes two novel log-linear models to measure how much accumulation of the neutral option over the contingency tables at any question levels. These models also test the odds that a respondent’s level how far from the median. These models will help the researchers how to incorporate the neutral option in conceptual frameworks

The effects of valproic acid on renal corpuscle of pregnant rats and protective role of folic acid and vitamin E

We aimed to investigate the potential harmful effects of valproic acid (VPA), a widely used anticonvulsant in child delivery, and the protective effects of vitamin E (Vit E) and folic acid (FA) on kidney. Sodium valproate (400 mg/kg), folic acid (400 mg/kg) and vitamin E (250 mg/kg) were administered to rats on each of gestation days, 8 th, 9 th, and 10 th. The rats were sacrificed on the 20 th day of pregnancy. With thin sections of kidney biopsies, they were stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and examined under transmission electron microscope. The animals were divided into four groups randomly: control, VPA, VPA+FA and VPA+Vit E groups. In each group, drug procedure, surgical procedure and histological methods were performed. The histopathological findings of control group was normal. In VPA group, it showed degenerative changes especially in renal glomerular basal membrane and foot process. Both VPA+FA and VPA+Vit E groups exhibited similar ultrastructural changes and had almost the normal structure. Administration of single doses of SV (400 mg/kg) resulted in degenerative changes on kidney at ultrastructural level. Administration of FA and Vit E had a protective effect by preventing the degenerative changes to a certain degree. The aim of the present study is to examine histopathologic changes which may occur in a high risk experimental model after the administration of valproic acid. In addition, protective roles of the administration of folic acid and vitamin E are assessed.Keywords: Folic acid, kidney, rat, valproic acid, vitamin EAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(34), pp. 5605-5610, 23 August, 201

Autocorrelation Corrected Standard Error For Two Sample T-Test Under Serial Dependence

The classical two-sample t-test assumes that observations are independent. A violation of this assumption could lead to inaccurate results and incorrectly analyzing data leads to erroneous statistical inferences. However, in real life applications, data are often recorded over time and serial correlation is unavoidable. In this study, two new auto-correlation corrected standard errors are proposed for independent and correlated samples. These standard errors are replaced by the classical standard error in the presence of serially correlated samples in two samples t-test. Results based upon the simulation show that the proposed standard errors gives higher empirical power than other approaches.WoSScopu

Post-Hoc Comparison Tests for Odds Ratios

The null hypothesis of homogeneity of odds ratio across the strata is testedby several tests. When the null hypothesis is rejected, means at least one ofthe odds ratios signicantly diers from others. Post hoc tests are used afterthe null hypothesis of equality of groups is rejected. Those tests aim to revealthe true dierences between groups. In this paper, we propose post-hoc pro-cedures that control familywise type-I error. These procedures provide thehomogeneous subsets that appear in the same homogeneous subset that arenot signicantly dierent. The suggested procedures are applied to severalCOVID-19 data sets

COMPARISON OF NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON ALPHA LIPOIC ACID TO METHYPREDNIZONOL AT EXPERIMENTAL SPINAL CORD TRAUMA. A STUDY HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL

Background: Traumatic and ischemic injuries of spinal cord are active at malfunctioning of damaged tissue at primary and secondary mechanisms. Monoammins free radicales, neuropeptits,arachidonic acids metobolites,and extracellular Ca variations are important at development of early ischemic and main causes of the secondary damage at progrediens tissue ischemic