131 research outputs found
A sociotop investigation in Hedemora
Hedemora is the oldest town in Dalarna; traditionally acting as an important junction for trade. Nowadays, the town is suffering from a declining population and a poor economy. Therefore, it is important to explore how to best spend the money needed for Hedemora to become an attractive city once again.
"Sociotops" are public spaces that have been evaluated by their users and by city planners, both working together.
The result in the sociotop investigation will be used as a basis for city planning and as a foundation for discussing how to make the town a nicer environment.
The sociotop investigation attempts to answer the questions: What places are popular and why? And What places are disliked? I approached the questions by using questionnaires, by arranging public walks in the city and by holding group interviews with children, along with my own observations.
The information I have gathered is most detailed for children and youth between the ages of seven and twenty years old. This is good because they spend a lot of time outside, but seldom have any part in the planning process.
The most popular place in Hedemora is Sveaparken, while the most well used place is Ă
sgatan. Ă
sgatan is a necessary place for everyday life because that is where all the shops are. Sveaparken, on the other hand, is used by free will. Generally speaking, the most well liked places are open-air recreational areas and sports grounds, and well managed, central located, parks with some sort of extra activity or social meaning.
The sociotops will change as the town and its inhabitants develop, therefore the sociotop investigation has to continue. Otherwise it will soon be useless.Hedemora Àr Dalarnas Àldsta stad med
anrika traditioner som traktens största
handelsknutpunkt. Nu för tiden dras orten
med minskande invÄnarantal och sÀmre
ekonomi. DÀrför Àr det viktigt att ta reda pÄ
hur man bÀst anvÀnder sina pengar för att
Ă„ter bli en attraktiv stad.
Sociotoper Àr offentliga platser i stadens
utemiljö som vÀrderats av brukare och
planerare gemensamt.
Resultatet i sociotopundersökningen
kommer att anvÀndas som planeringsunderlag
i stadsplaneringen och som
diskussionsplattform i kommunens arbete
med miljömÄlet God Bebyggd Miljö.
Sociotopundersökningen behandlar
frÄgor som Vilka platser Àr omtyckta och
varför? och Vilka platser Àr inte omtyckta? Jag
har försökt ta reda pÄ detta genom enkÀtundersökningar,
gÄngturer för allmÀnheten
och gruppintervjuer med skolbarn, samt
genom egna observationer.
Svarsunderlaget jag fÄtt in Àr störst för
barn och ungdomar i Ă„ldrarna 7 till 20 Ă„r
vilket Àr bra eftersom de ofta vistas utomhus
men sÀllan tillfrÄgas i planeringen. Det
regleras ocksÄ i Hedemoras barnplan att
barn ska tillfrÄgas, vilket inte alltid sker.
Den mest omtyckta friytan i Hedemora
Àr Sveaparken, den mest anvÀnda Àr
Ă
sgatan. Ă
sgatan Àr en nödvÀndig
vardagsplats dÀr handeln sker, Sveaparken
Àr dÀremot en frivilligt vald vistelseplats.
Generellt sett Àr friluftsomrÄdena och
motionsanlÀggningarna omtyckta liksom
vÀlskötta parker med nÄgon form av extra
aktivitet eller social funktion i centrala
lÀgen.
Sociotoperna kommer förÀndras i takt
med att staden och dess invÄnare utvecklas,
dÀrför mÄste sociotopundersökningen
fortgÄ för att inte bli oanvÀndbar
Genetics of gaits in Icelandic horses
A genome-wide association analysis of Icelandic horses has shown that a mutation in DMRT3, doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (âgait keeperâ mutation), has a strong impact on gait pattern. The DMRT3 mutant allele (A) has been found in high frequency in gaited breeds, and breeds used for harness racing, while non-gaited breeds were homozygous for the wild-type allele (C). Icelandic horses have the ability to perform alternate gaits besides the three basic gaits (walk, trot, canter/gallop) such as flying pace and tölt. Homozygosity for the DMRT3 nonsense mutation enables pace and has a positive effect on the quality of tölt (beat quality, speed capacity and suppleness). CA Icelandic horses on the other hand have better scores for walk, trot, canter and gallop. Previously, two border-line significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with tölt in another genome-wide association study (using breeding values as the phenotype). The aim is to validate the two tentative associations in additional Icelandic horses. In this study we want to confirm the association of two SNP markers, one on Chromosome 13 and one on Chromosome 28 with breeding values (EBVs) for tölt (tölt, slow tölt and direct tölt). We also want to investigate the genotype frequencies in; American Curly, American miniature horse, American Saddlebred, Friesian, Hackney, Morgan, Peruvian Paso, Rocky Mountain and Swedish Warmblood. TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays was used to genotype the individuals for the SNP markers of interest. The association was confirmed for EBVs on Chromosome 28 (tölt P=0,03*, P=0,03*) and also Chromosome 13 (tölt P=0.009**). Next step is to fine map the confirmed genomic regions
Kungliga KlimattrÀdgÄrden : ett gestaltningsförslag pÄ hur KungstrÀdgÄrden, Stockholm, kan anpassas till ett framtida varmare klimat
The aim of this thesis is to find strategies to mitigate the negative effects of an increased temperature and apply them in a design proposal to an urban space of social importance. The chosen site was KungstrĂ€dgĂ„rden, which is located in central Stockholm, Sweden. Climate change is a contested political debate and a global issue. The United Nationâs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has in recent years established that it is with 95% certainty human activities that is causing the change in the global climate. The impacts will affect people and ecosystems around the world and the effects will be most noticeable in cities. Cities generally experience a higher temperature than their non-urban surroundings. This phenomenon is referred to as the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). The elements, which increase the temperature in cities, are the large amount of impervious surfaces, buildings, lack of green spaces and the large amount of traffic. In order to define mitigating strategies, literature studies to determine what elements that help decrease temperature were conducted.
The strategies to decrease temperature included vegetation such as trees and open grass, biodiversity, location of the green space and wind corridors. They also included water features such as fountains and ponds with vegetation. Vegetation at several levels are important for maximum cooling effect and to allow the cool air to spread. Along with the literature study, a site study were conducted to determine the physical features of
the site today (2017). This to understand what is heating and cooling the space. Although people are major contributors to climate change, cities are spaces made by and for people. Therefore, this work does not only focus on the climate aspects of the site, but the social aspects as well. Thus, social studies were conducted to determine how the space is used. This thesis is an attempt to try out solutions for temperature decrease and to learn what is required of urban spaces in the future. Our final design is a conceptual idea of how an urban space in a city can be re-designed in order to cope with the future climate in the aspect of temperature increase. We decided to create a multifunctional space with five different parts, each with its own climate benefits based on our found climate strategies. The parts are an entrance with pond and amphitheatre, an event surface with semi-permeable ground material, a broadleaved forest, a raised boardwalk and an open grass surface and waterfront.
This thesis highlights the importance of green spaces as a way to reduce the impacts of climate change in cities. It also shows the difficulties of balancing between climate aspects and social aspects when designing an urban space. In order to adapt an urban space to climate change and an increased temperature, vegetation is vital, and the removal of impervious surfaces. We think landscape architects have a responsibility to plan for a sustainable future, and we need to be the voice for the changes that needs to be made. Hopefully before it is too late!Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur ett socialt viktigt stadsrum kan anpassas till ett framtida varmare klimat samtidigt som de sociala vÀrdena bibehÄlls. Detta genomfördes genom att hitta strategier för att lindra de negativa effekterna av en höjd temperatur och att sedan anvÀnda dessa i en gestaltning av KungstrÀdgÄrden i Stockholm; ett offentligt stadsrum med ett högt socialt vÀrde.
KlimatförĂ€ndringar Ă€r idag en aktuell politisk debatt och ett stort globalt problem. FNâs klimatpanel, IPCC, har under senaste Ă„ren klargjort att det Ă€r med 95 % sĂ€kerhet mĂ€nsklig aktivitet som har orsakat förĂ€ndringarna i det globala klimatet. Effekterna av klimatförĂ€ndringarna kommer att pĂ„verka mĂ€nniskor och ekosystem vĂ€rlden över och de kommer vara tydligast i stĂ€derna. Detta pĂ„ grund av att stĂ€der Ă€r ömtĂ„liga system som lĂ€tt tar skada vid externa förĂ€ndringar eller pĂ„frestningar. Samtidigt Ă€r stĂ€derna en stor bidragande faktor till vĂ„rt allt varmare klimat, eftersom de Ă€r kĂ€llor till stora koldioxidutslĂ€pp. StĂ€der har ett generellt varmare klimat Ă€n den omkringliggande landsbygden. Detta fenomen kallas urbana vĂ€rmeöar och beror pĂ„ den höga andelen ogenomslĂ€ppliga ytor, byggnader, brist pĂ„ grönytor och mycket trafik.
De strategierna vi fann för att sĂ€nka temperaturen innefattade vegetation dĂ€r trĂ€d kombineras med öppna grĂ€sytor, en hög biodiversitet, placeringen av vegetationsytorna samt vindkorridorer. Ăvriga temperatursĂ€nkande strategier vi fann var Ă€ven vattenelement som fontĂ€ner och dammar med vegetation i anslutning. Att ha vegetation i olika nivĂ„er och lager Ă€r ocksĂ„ viktigt för att maximera kylningseffekten och för att hjĂ€lpa den kalla luften att spridas till ett större omrĂ„de. Tillsammans med en litteraturstudie gjordes en platsundersökning av KungstrĂ€dgĂ„rden för att klargöra de fysiska förutsĂ€ttningarna idag (2017) för att förstĂ„ vad som vĂ€rmer och kyler platsen. Eftersom vi valde att behĂ„lla KungstrĂ€dgĂ„rden som en viktig social plats, genomförde vi Ă€ven en social studie för att ta reda pĂ„ hur platsen anvĂ€nds. VĂ„r slutgiltiga gestaltning Ă€r ett konceptuellt förslag. Vi skapade en multifunktionell park som bestĂ„r av fem delar, vilka alla har olika klimatfördelar baserade pĂ„ de funna strategierna. Delarna har Ă€ven olika sociala funktioner för att möta behoven pĂ„ platsen.
Uppsatsen lyfter fram vikten av grönytor och avlÀgsnandet av hÄrdgjorda ytor för att minska effekterna av klimatförÀndringarna i stÀder. Den visar ocksÄ pÄ svÄrigheterna med att balansera klimataspekter mot sociala aspekter vid gestaltning av urbana ytor. Vi anser att landskapsarkitekter har ett ansvar att planera för en hÄllbar framtid och att vi behöver föresprÄka de förÀndringar som krÀvs. Förhoppningsvis innan det Àr för sent
Stadsrum för mÀnniskor
Syftet med uppsatsen Àr att komma fram till hur och varför urbana miljöer fungerar med
avseende pÄ mÀnsklig aktivitet och vilka element som krÀvs för att en plats ska uppfattas
som aktiv. För att göra det valde vi en plats med lite mÀnsklig aktivitet, Vardagsrummet i
Uppsala, för att se vad som fungerade och saknades dÀr. Med social hÄllbarhet som utgÄngspunkt
ville vi ta reda pÄ vad som kan bidra till mÀnsklig aktivitet i urbana miljöer
och Àven faktorer som Àr avgörande för hur mycket en plats anvÀnds och upplevs. En
teoristudie gjordes och pÄ platsen genomfördes platsobservation och ELA-observation för
att studera hur Vardagsrummet fungerade med avseende pÄ den mÀnskliga aktiviteten.
Vidare gjordes intervjuer med utvalda huvudaktörer för gestaltningen av rummet. Jan
Gehls 12 kvalitetskriterier för aktiva stadsrum anvÀndes som en avprickningslista över
vilka faktorer som finns och saknas Vardagsrummet. Vidare gjordes skisser pÄ tillÀgg till
den befintliga gestaltningen pÄ platsen som vi ansÄg skulle kunna höja den mÀnskliga
aktiviteten. VÄrt resultat visar att det Àr en kombination av faktorer som gör att Vardagsrummet
upplevs som tomt. Att platsen Àr en passage men har mÄnga bÀnkar som inte
anvÀnds förstÀrker kÀnslan av att det Àr fÄ som anvÀnder platsen. Slutligen diskuterades
de avgörande faktorerna vid gestaltning av en urban miljö för att mÀnniskor ska anvÀnda
platsen. Dessa faktorer Àr var platsen ligger i förhÄllande till andra funktioner och strÄk,
attraktioner utöver platsens utformning som verksamhet i bottenvÄningarna samt om platsen
skapar ett bestÄende intryck hos sina besökare.The purpose of this thesis is to identify how and why urban spaces function in relation to
human activity and which elements are essential in creating an environment we experience
as active. To accomplish this, we studied a place with little human activity, Vardagsrummet
in Uppsala, to detect what worked and what was missing there. Taking social
sustainability as a starting point, we wanted to find out what may contribute to human
activity in urban environments and also which factors are crucial to how much space is
used and how it is perceived. Theoretical research, a site observation and an ELAobservation
was done to investigate how Vardagsrummet functions in terms of human
activity. Furthermore, we interviewed operators responsible for the design of Vardagsrummet.
Jan Gehlâs 12 quality criteria on active urban spaces were used as a checklist of
existing factors and factors that are missing in Vardagsrummet. Futhermore, we made
basic sketches to show additions to the current design in Vardagsrummet which we
thought could enhance the human activity there. Based on our results we could determine
that there is a combination of factors that contribute to why Vardagsrummet is perceived
as empty. The fact that the site is a passage but has many unused benches reinforces the
impression that there are few who use the space. Finally, we discussed the key factors in
designing an urban environment to encourage human activity. These factors include
where the site is located in relation to other functions and routes, attractions in addition to
the design of the site such as the ground floor activities and that the site itself creates a lasting impression on its visitors
Optimizing zebrafish rearingâEffects of fish density and environmental enrichment
Introduction: Despite its popularity in research, there is very little scientifically validated knowledge about the best practices on zebrafish (Danio rerio) husbandry, which has led to several facilities having their own husbandry protocols. This study was performed to expand knowledge on the effects of enrichment and fish density on the welfare of zebrafish, with hopes of providing a scientific basis for future recommendations and legislations.Methods: Zebrafish were reared at three different stocking densities, (1, 3 or 6 fish/L), in tanks with or without environmental enrichment. Agonistic behavior was observed twice a week for 9 weeks directly in the housing tanks. Aspects of welfare is known to be reflected in neuroendocrine stress responses. Thus, cortisol secretion in response to lowering the water level was analyzed for each group. In addition, we assessed cortisol secretion in response to confinement and risk-taking behavior (boldness) using the novel tank diving test for individual fish. At termination of the experiment fish were subjected to stress by transfer to a novel environment and brain tissue was sampled for analysis of brain monoaminergic activity.Results: Fish kept at the lowest density (1 fish/L) showed a significantly higher level of aggression than fish kept at 3 or 6 fish/L. Moreover, fish kept at this low density showed significantly higher cortisol secretion on a group level than fish kept at the higher stocking densities, when subjected to lowering of the water level. Keeping fish at 1 fish/L also had effects on brain monoamines, these fish showing higher brain dopamine concentrations but lower dopamine turnover than fish kept at higher densities. Neither stocking density or enrichment had any clear effects on the behavior of individual fish in the novel tank diving test. However, fish kept at high densities showed lower and more variable growth rates than fish kept at 1 fish/L.Discussion: Taken together these results suggest that zebrafish should not be kept at a density of 1 fish/L. The optimal stocking density is likely to be in the range of 3â6 fish/L
Towards an ontology driven approach for systems interoperability and energy management in the smart city
Modern Information and Communication Technologies are definitely a key factor to develop the green and sustainable applications that the so-called âsmart cityâ needs. Effective management of resources, gathering and interpreting data as well as ecological considerations are prerequisites to turn such a vision into reality. The European FP7 project DIMMER address these issues by providing a flexible Internet of Thing platform for application development and data integration, exploiting information about buildings, energy distribution grids and user behaviors. Among those applications, the possibility to real-time access and aggregate information about building environmental characteristics and energy consumption enables the optimization of energy management and control, as well as the userâs awareness about, which is the scope of the DIMMER project. The paper will describe the ontology-driven approach, as well as the actual design, exploited to model the physical world within the context of this project, adding a special emphasis on the state of art research in the field of energy profiling
Boldness in Zebrafish Larvae-Development and Differences between a Domesticated Lab Strain and Offspring of Wild-Caught Fish
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are becoming one of the most important model organisms in behavioural neuroscience. It has been shown repeatedly that different zebrafish strains show large behavioural differences. These divergent behavioural profiles may have a genetic basis, but environmental factors and previous experience are also known to greatly affect the behavioural phenotype of zebrafish. It could be expected that behavioural differences at the larval stage should be less affected by environmental factors and experience. In the present study, we screened larvae of zebrafish of the AB strain and offspring of wild-caught zebrafish for boldness, using an open field test. In order to follow the behavioural development, we studied larvae at the age of 5-, 7-, 12- and 30-days post fertilization (dpf). Behaviour, as well as behavioural development, clearly differed between the larvae of the different strains. Wild larvae showed larger total distance moved than AB larvae, both at light and dark conditions. These differences were already present at 12 dpf but became more pronounced with age. Wild larvae had a greater variance compared to AB larvae for most of the variables. We have previously shown that bold and shy adult zebrafish differ in the brain expression of dopamine and opioid receptors. The results of the current study show that wild larvae display significantly higher brain expression of drd2b than AB larvae at 30 dpf, a difference that could be related to differences in activity. We did not detect any differences in the expression of opioid receptors
The KB paradigm and its application to interactive configuration
The knowledge base paradigm aims to express domain knowledge in a rich formal
language, and to use this domain knowledge as a knowledge base to solve various
problems and tasks that arise in the domain by applying multiple forms of
inference. As such, the paradigm applies a strict separation of concerns
between information and problem solving. In this paper, we analyze the
principles and feasibility of the knowledge base paradigm in the context of an
important class of applications: interactive configuration problems. In
interactive configuration problems, a configuration of interrelated objects
under constraints is searched, where the system assists the user in reaching an
intended configuration. It is widely recognized in industry that good software
solutions for these problems are very difficult to develop. We investigate such
problems from the perspective of the KB paradigm. We show that multiple
functionalities in this domain can be achieved by applying different forms of
logical inferences on a formal specification of the configuration domain. We
report on a proof of concept of this approach in a real-life application with a
banking company. To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).Comment: To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP
Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, ectopic lipid accumulation and low-grade inflammation. A dysfunctional gut microbiota has been suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of the disease. Green tea is rich in polyphenols and has previously been shown to exert beneficial metabolic effects. Lactobacillus plantarum has the ability to metabolize phenolic acids. The health promoting effect of whole green tea powder as a prebiotic compound has not been thoroughly investigated previously. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without a supplement of 4% green tea powder (GT), and offered drinking water supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 15313 (Lp) or the combination of both (Lpâ+âGT) for 22 weeks. Parameters related to obesity, glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis and inflammation were examined. Small intestinal tissue and caecal content were collected for bacterial analysis. RESULTS: Mice in the Lpâ+âGT group had significantly more Lactobacillus and higher diversity of bacteria in the intestine compared to both mice in the control and the GT group. Green tea strongly reduced the body fat content and hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation. The reduction was negatively correlated to the amount of Akkermansia and/or the total amount of bacteria in the small intestine. Markers of inflammation were reduced in the Lpâ+âGT group compared to control. PLS analysis of correlations between the microbiota and the metabolic variables of the individual mice showed that relatively few components of the microbiota had high impact on the correlation model. CONCLUSIONS: Green tea powder in combination with a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was able to promote growth of Lactobacillus in the intestine and to attenuate high fat diet-induced inflammation. In addition, a component of the microbiota, Akkermansia, correlated negatively with several metabolic parameters known to be risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes
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