Constitución de la lengua española o castellana

Páginas 203-221Tras la conquista y colonización españolas, los pueblos subdesarrollados de América debieron asumir la lengua de sus conquistadores. Era la lengua que el reino de Castilla ya había impuesto a otras provincias ibéricas (nombre griego), con excepción de la portuguesa. Esta lengua recién estaba alcanzando rigurosidad gramatical, como consecuencia de la evolución del latín impuesto por los romanos desde el año 19 antes de Cristo en la Península Hispánica. Década tras década el latín se alteró en su fonética, morfología, sintaxis y semántica hasta obtener diversos dialectos; algunos, como el castellano, se distanciaron de su lengua madre y se hicieron lenguas con sus propias gramáticas. Las posteriores invasiones, visigodas y árabes, apenas dejaron huella en el castellano, porque los hispanos (nombre romano que significa tierra de conejos) poseían una cultura más sólida que la de sus invasores. El español que hoy se habla procede del latín hablado tanto por la gente culta y por el vulgo o pueblo de entonces, como del ‘bajo latín’ hablado y escrito en la Edad Media (siglos V-XVI). Cada uno en su espacio y momento fue responsable de cambios fonéticos, morfológicos, sintácticos y semánticos. Hoy la evolución prosigue, pese a la universalidad y el enriquecimiento de los medios de comunicación lingüísticamente unificadores.After the Spanish conquest and colonization, the underdeveloped nations of America had to accept the Spanish language as their own. The language that the kingdom of Castille had already been imposed on other Iberian provinces, with the exception of Portugal. At this moment, this language was just acquiring grammatical accuracy, as a consequence of the evolution of the Latin language, introduced in the Hispanic peninsula during the Roman empire in the year 19 B.C. Over the decades, Latin phonetics, morphology, syntax and semantics were altered to form many dialects. Some of them, like the Castilian, took a distance from their mother tongue and became different languages altogether, with their own grammatical systems. Later Visigoth and Arab invasions left a scarce trace on the Castilian language, because Hispanics (Roman name meaning land of rabbits) had a more solid culture than their invaders. The Spanish we speak today comes from the Classical Latin as well as from the Vulgar Latin, Late Latin and Medieval Latin, spoken and written in the Middle Ages (V-XVI centuries). Each of these periods were important to the phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic changes that occurred in Spanish. Nowadays, Spanish keeps evolving, despite universality and the expansion of our linguistically unifying communication media.Bibliografía: páginas 220-221.Artículo revisado por pares.Artículo de reflexión

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research