25 research outputs found

    Nouvelle approche de modélisation de milieux poreux. Application à l'os trabéculaire

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    Dans de nombreux domaines tels que la science des matériaux ou l'imagerie médicale, il est intéressant d'évaluer les propriétés mécaniques d'une structure. Pour ce faire, l'analyse par éléments finis est souvent utilisée. Cependant, son application à des milieux poreux complexes est limitée, car le nombre d'éléments nécessaires pour représenter la structure interne est très grand. Dans cette communication, nous proposons une nouvelle approche par éléments finis qui prend en compte la topologie de la structure étudiée. Pour cela, nous implémentons et améliorons une technique récente basée sur le squelette 3D, permettant de caractériser des milieux poreux complexes. Chaque travée de la structure interne peut alors être représentée par une chaîne de poutres rectilignes auxquelles sont attribuées les propriétés de l'arche. Cette approche permet de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul nécessaire à la simulation mécanique par éléments finis tout en présentant une bonne adéquation avec une technique de référence. Nous avons évalué cette technique sur des vecteurs de test, puis appliqué notre méthode sur des échantillons d'os trabéculaire afin d'en quantifier précisément l'élasticité. Ce nouveau procédé de modélisation donne de meilleurs résultats de rigidité par rapport aux techniques à éléments poutre existantes sur des vecteurs de test. Cette tendance se confirme également lors de son application à l'étude de la microarchitecture de l'os trabéculaire

    Effect of pores and grain size on the elastic and piezoelectric properties of quartz-based materials

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    The role of grain size and porosity in the piezoelectric and elastic properties of SiO2-based materials was investigated using resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy (RPS) and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). RPS performed on agate revealed a piezoelectric effect comparable in magnitude to that in single-crystal quartz. The observed strong piezoelectricity in agate requires preferential orientation of SiO2 during crystal growth. Similarly, in novaculite and sandstone finite (but weak) RPS signals were evident, suggesting that the expected randomization of the piezoelectric quartz grains is incomplete. On the other hand, Vycor, a silica glass with a porosity of 40, showed no evidence of the piezoelectric effect. According to temperature-dependent RPS and RUS measurements, the α-β transition temperature in quartz does not change in polycrystalline samples. Finally, the temperature dependence under heating of the elastic constants is reversible in quartz and agate and irreversible in sandstone and Vycor

    Investigating the delay between dust radiation and star-formation in local and distant quenching galaxies

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    International audienceWe investigate the timescale over which the infrared (IR) luminosity decreases after a complete and rapid quenching of star formation using observations of local and high-redshift galaxies. From spectral energy distribution modelling, we derive the time since quenching of a subsample of 14 galaxies from the Herschel Reference Survey that suffer from ram-pressure stripping due to the environment of the Virgo cluster and of a subsample of 7 rapidly quenched COSMOS galaxies selected through a state-of-the-art statistical method already tested on the determination of galaxy star formation history (SFH). Three out of the seven COSMOS galaxies have an optical spectrum with no emission line, confirming their quenched nature. We obtained the present physical properties of the combined sample (local plus high-redshift) from the long-term SFH properties, as well as the past LIR of these galaxies just before their quenching. We show that this past LIR is consistent with the LIR of reference samples of normally star-forming galaxies with same stellar mass and redshift as each of our quenched galaxies. We put constraints on the present to past IR luminosity ratio as a function of quenching time. The two samples probe different dynamical ranges in terms of quenching age with the HRS galaxies exhibiting longer timescales (0.2–3 Gyr) compared to the COSMOS ones (< 100 Myr). Assuming an exponential decrease in the LIR after quenching, the COSMOS quenched galaxies are consistent with short e-folding times of less than a couple of hundred million years, while the properties of the HRS quenched galaxies are compatible with larger timescales of several hundred million years. For the HRS sample, this result is consistent with the known quenching mechanism that affected them, namely ram pressure stripping due to the environment. For the COSMOS sample, different quenching processes are acting on short to intermediate timescales. Processes such as galaxy mergers, disk instabilities, and environmental effects can produce such strong star formation variability
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