ENTRE SYLVICULTURE ET PATURAGE DANS LES ESPACES BOISES DE LA ZONE MEDITERRANEENNE FRANÇAISE L'INNOVATION SYLVOPASTORALE EN QUESTIONS

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceIn northern Mediterranean regions, livestock farming and silviculture evolutions have them sometimes gathered sometimes separated. The marginalization of little productive and costly to exploit Mediterranean forests and the economic and climatic difficulties faced by livestock sector in these regions calls for a fresh examination of silvopastoralism. In woodlands, fodder production is staggered over the year and its herbaceous component is preserved longer thanks to the shadow of trees. So it makes for example a summer pastoral resource. The selective cutting of trees generates wood products which may be sold, besides conventional outlets such as triturating and firewood, through new marketing channels such as wood energy or construction. Grazing keeps underbrush under control and facilitates later silviculture operations. Reciprocally, silviculture operations increase the quantity of light reaching undergrowth and thereby favours the development of forage resources : grass growth, lower hanging foliage, increase in percent fruit set. They also facilitate animal circulation. The construction of this productive consistency asks several questions, at different scales, which the paper tries to answer offering : (i) a silvopastoral interpretation of wooded environments ; (ii) a characterization of trees partial taking ; (iii) a characterization of wooded areas pastoral uses ; (iv) a different levels of silvopastoral project consistency analysis

Quelles sont les conditions à réunir pour une intégration marchande porteuse de développement durable pour les paysanneries andines ?

Cet article se propose d’identifier les conditions à réunir pour qu’une intégration marchande économiquement pérenne, socialement partagée et qui ne menace pas la reproduction des écosystèmes qui en sont le support, devienne possible. La réflexion est adossée à une comparaison entre les dynamiques d’intégration marchande de deux régions andines : d’une part, les hautes terres d’Altamachi (Cordillère de Cochabamba, Bolivie) où un développement spectaculaire de la production de pomme de terre destinée au marché urbain a vu le jour, et d’autre part, la haute vallée du Rio Castrovirreyna (dans les Andes sèches péruviennes) engagée elle aussi dans un mouvement de quasi-spécialisation laitière tournée vers le marché intérieur. Dans les deux cas étudiés, les avantages comparatifs de l’une ou l’autre région pour telle ou telle production ne suffisent pas à expliquer, loin s’en faut, les dynamiques en cours. Les modalités d’accès et de gestion, individuelles et collectives, des ressources, le développement des possibilités de transport et le maintien de prix relativement rémunérateurs ont été des conditions indispensables à cette spécialisation marchande.What are the conditions for a market integration bearing sustainable development for Andean peasantry? This paper aims to identify the conditions for an economically sustainable and socially shared market integration, which does not threaten the ecosystems reproduction. The analysis is based on a comparison between market integration dynamics in two Andean regions: on the one hand, the Altamachi Highlands (cordillera of Cochabamba, Bolivia) where a spectacular development of potato production for the urban market is taking place and on the other hand, the Rio Castrovirreyna high valley (in the Peruvian dry Andes), pursuing a trend of dairy quasi-specialisation turned towards domestic market. In both cases, the comparative advantages of each region for potato or milk production alone do not allow to explain the dynamic observed. Individual and collective land resources management rules, transportation possibilities improvement and remunerative prices maintenance have been necessary conditions for this market specialisation

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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