Best practice standards for the delivery of NHS infection services in the United Kingdom

Infection expertise in the NHS has historically been provided predominantly by hospital-based medical microbiologists responsible for provision of diagnostic services and advice to front-line clinicians. While most hospitals had consultant-led microbiology departments, infectious iiseases departments were based in a small number of specialist centres. The demand for infection expertise is growing in the NHS, driven by advances in medical care, increasing awareness of the impact of antibiotic resistant and healthcare associated infections and threats from emerging infectious diseases. At the same time diagnostic services are being reorganised into pathology networks. The Combined Infection Training (CIT) is delivering a consultant workforce with expertise both in laboratory diagnostic practice and delivery of direct patient care. These changes create challenges for delivery of high quality infection expertise equitably across the NHS. They also offer an opportunity to shape infection services to meet clinical and laboratory demands.To date there has not been an attempt to bring together a single set of best practice guidelines for the requirements of an infection service. This document sets out seven standards. These are written to be practical and flexible according to the diverse ways in which infection expertise may be required across the NHS. It has been prepared by the Clinical Services Committee of the British Infection Association drawing on published evidence and guidance where they exist and on the group’s extensive experience of delivering infection services in hospitals across the NHS. It was then refined with input from the RCP Joint Specialist committee (JSC) and the RCPath Specialist Advisory Committee (SAC) and through consultation with the RCPath membership. It has been endorsed by the Royal College of Pathologists and the Royal College of Physicians. It will be reviewed annually by the CSC and updated as additional evidence becomes available

Carbon dioxide uptake from natural gas by binary ionic liquid water mixtures

[EN] Carbon dioxide solubility in a set of carboxylate ionic liquids formulated with stoicheiometric amounts of water is found to be significantly higher than for other ionic liquids previously reported. This is due to synergistic chemical and physical absorption. The formulated ionic liquid/water mixtures show greatly enhanced carbon dioxide solubility relative to both anhydrous ionic liquids and aqueous ionic liquid solutions, and are competitive with commercial chemical absorbers, such as activated N-methyldiethanolamine or monoethanolamine.The authors would like to acknowledge PETRONAS for financial support of this research, and Cytec (especially Dr Al Robertson) for supplying some of the phosphonium ionic liquids used.Anderson, K.; Atkins, MP.; Estager, J.; Kuah, Y.; Ng, S.; Oliferenko, AA.; Plechkova, NV.... (2015). Carbon dioxide uptake from natural gas by binary ionic liquid water mixtures. 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Huppert , Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe EASAC Policy Report 20, German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina, 2013Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) , The Chemical Weapons Convention, http://www.opcw.org/html/db/cwc/eng/cwc_frameset.htmlRubin, E. S., Mantripragada, H., Marks, A., Versteeg, P., & Kitchin, J. (2012). The outlook for improved carbon capture technology. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38(5), 630-671. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.003G. H. Koch , M. P. H.Brongers, N. G.Thompson, Y. P.Virmani and J. H.Payer, Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States FHWA-RD-01-156, CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc, NACE International, 2001Law Offices of Casper Meadows Schwartz & Cook, ‘$80 Million Recovery in Toxic Exposure Suit’, http://www.cmslaw.com/Verdicts-Settlements/80-Million-Recovery-in-Toxic-Exposure-Suit.shtmlL. 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G.Compton and C.Hardacre, Chloride Determination in Ionic Liquids, in Ionic Liquids IIIB: Fundamentals, Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities - Transformations and Processes, ed. R. D. Rogers and K. R. Seddon, ACS Symp. Ser., Vol. 902, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2005, vol. 902, pp. 244–258J. L. Anthony , E. J.Maginn and J. F.Brennecke, Gas Solubilities in 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate, in Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications to Green Chemistry, ed. R. D. Rogers and K. R. Seddon, ACS Symp. Ser, Vol. 818, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2002, vol. 818, pp. 260–269J. H. Davis Jr. , Working Salts: Syntheses and Uses of Ionic Liquids Containing Functionalized Ions, in Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications to Green Chemistry, ed. R. D. Rogers and K. R. Seddon, ACS Symp. Ser, Vol. 818, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2002, vol. 818, pp. 247–259Bates, E. D., Mayton, R. D., Ntai, I., & Davis, J. H. (2002). CO2Capture by a Task-Specific Ionic Liquid. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(6), 926-927. doi:10.1021/ja017593dWang, C., Luo, X., Zhu, X., Cui, G., Jiang, D., Deng, D., … Dai, S. (2013). The strategies for improving carbon dioxide chemisorption by functionalized ionic liquids. RSC Advances, 3(36), 15518. doi:10.1039/c3ra42366bRamdin, M., de Loos, T. W., & Vlugt, T. J. H. (2012). State-of-the-Art of CO2Capture with Ionic Liquids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(24), 8149-8177. doi:10.1021/ie3003705Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Dong, H., Zhao, Z., Zhang, S., & Huang, Y. (2012). Carbon capture with ionic liquids: overview and progress. Energy & Environmental Science, 5(5), 6668. doi:10.1039/c2ee21152aYokozeki, A., & Shiflett, M. B. (2009). Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide Gases Using Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid [hmim][Tf2N]. Energy & Fuels, 23(9), 4701-4708. doi:10.1021/ef900649cCabaço, M. I., Besnard, M., Danten, Y., & Coutinho, J. A. P. (2012). Carbon Dioxide in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate. I. Unusual Solubility Investigated by Raman Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 116(6), 1605-1620. doi:10.1021/jp211211nCarvalho, P. J., Álvarez, V. H., Schröder, B., Gil, A. M., Marrucho, I. M., Aznar, M., … Coutinho, J. A. P. (2009). Specific Solvation Interactions of CO2on Acetate and Trifluoroacetate Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids at High Pressures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(19), 6803-6812. doi:10.1021/jp901275bGoodrich, B. F., de la Fuente, J. C., Gurkan, B. E., Zadigian, D. J., Price, E. A., Huang, Y., & Brennecke, J. F. (2011). Experimental Measurements of Amine-Functionalized Anion-Tethered Ionic Liquids with Carbon Dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(1), 111-118. doi:10.1021/ie101688aGoodrich, B. F., de la Fuente, J. C., Gurkan, B. E., Lopez, Z. K., Price, E. A., Huang, Y., & Brennecke, J. F. (2011). Effect of Water and Temperature on Absorption of CO2by Amine-Functionalized Anion-Tethered Ionic Liquids. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 115(29), 9140-9150. doi:10.1021/jp2015534Ferguson, J. L., Holbrey, J. D., Ng, S., Plechkova, N. V., Seddon, K. R., Tomaszowska, A. A., & Wassell, D. F. (2011). A greener, halide-free approach to ionic liquid synthesis. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 84(3), 723-744. doi:10.1351/pac-con-11-07-21Shiflett, M. B., Kasprzak, D. J., Junk, C. P., & Yokozeki, A. (2008). Phase behavior of {carbon dioxide+[bmim][Ac]} mixtures. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 40(1), 25-31. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2007.06.003Shiflett, M. B., & Yokozeki, A. (2009). Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquids: [emim][Acetate], [emim][Trifluoroacetate], and [emim][Acetate] + [emim][Trifluoroacetate] Mixtures. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 54(1), 108-114. doi:10.1021/je800701jShiflett, M. B., Drew, D. W., Cantini, R. A., & Yokozeki, A. (2010). Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate. Energy & Fuels, 24(10), 5781-5789. doi:10.1021/ef100868aCabaço, M. I., Besnard, M., Danten, Y., & Coutinho, J. A. P. (2011). Solubility of CO2in 1-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-trifluoro Acetate Ionic Liquid Studied by Raman Spectroscopy and DFT Investigations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 115(13), 3538-3550. doi:10.1021/jp111453aGurau, G., Rodríguez, H., Kelley, S. P., Janiczek, P., Kalb, R. S., & Rogers, R. D. (2011). Demonstration of Chemisorption of Carbon Dioxide in 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquids. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(50), 12024-12026. doi:10.1002/anie.201105198Besnard, M., Cabaço, M. I., Vaca Chávez, F., Pinaud, N., Sebastião, P. J., Coutinho, J. A. P., … Danten, Y. (2012). CO2 in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate. 2. NMR Investigation of Chemical Reactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 116(20), 4890-4901. doi:10.1021/jp211689zJaniczek, P., Kalb, R. S., Thonhauser, G., & Gamse, T. (2012). Carbon dioxide absorption in a technical-scale-plant utilizing an imidazolium based ionic liquid. Separation and Purification Technology, 97, 20-25. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.03.003Ober, C. A., & Gupta, R. B. (2012). pH Control of Ionic Liquids with Carbon Dioxide and Water: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(6), 2524-2530. doi:10.1021/ie201529dStevanovic, S., Podgoršek, A., Pádua, A. A. H., & Costa Gomes, M. F. (2012). Effect of Water on the Carbon Dioxide Absorption by 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquids. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 116(49), 14416-14425. doi:10.1021/jp3100377Stevanovic, S., Podgorsek, A., Moura, L., Santini, C. C., Padua, A. A. H., & Costa Gomes, M. F. (2013). Absorption of carbon dioxide by ionic liquids with carboxylate anions. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 17, 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.04.017Wang, G., Hou, W., Xiao, F., Geng, J., Wu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2011). Low-Viscosity Triethylbutylammonium Acetate as a Task-Specific Ionic Liquid for Reversible CO2Absorption. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(4), 1125-1133. doi:10.1021/je101014qWilhelm, E., Battino, R., & Wilcock, R. J. (1977). Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water. Chemical Reviews, 77(2), 219-262. doi:10.1021/cr60306a003Miyano, Y., & Fujihara, I. (2004). Henry’s constants of carbon dioxide in methanol at 250–500 K. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 221(1-2), 57-62. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2004.04.017Fernandez, E. S., & Goetheer, E. L. V. (2011). DECAB: Process development of a phase change absorption process. Energy Procedia, 4, 868-875. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.01.131Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Dong, K., Zhang, Y., Shen, Y., & Lv, X. (2006). Supported Absorption of CO2 by Tetrabutylphosphonium Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. 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Acta Crystallographica, 15(1), 77-81. doi:10.1107/s0365110x62000158Adamová, G., Gardas, R. L., Nieuwenhuyzen, M., Puga, A. V., Rebelo, L. P. N., Robertson, A. J., & Seddon, K. R. (2012). Alkyltributylphosphonium chloride ionic liquids: synthesis, physicochemical properties and crystal structure. Dalton Transactions, 41(27), 8316. doi:10.1039/c1dt10466gGottlieb, H. E., Kotlyar, V., & Nudelman, A. (1997). NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62(21), 7512-7515. doi:10.1021/jo971176vSheldrick, G. M. (2007). A short history ofSHELX. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 64(1), 112-122. doi:10.1107/s0108767307043930Allen, F. H., & Motherwell, W. D. S. (2002). Applications of the Cambridge Structural Database in organic chemistry and crystal chemistry. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 58(3), 407-422. doi:10.1107/s0108768102004895Ramnial, T., Taylor, S. A., Bender, M. 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Alkyltributylphosphonium chloride ionic liquids: synthesis, physicochemical properties and crystal structure. Dalton Transactions, 41(27), 8316. doi:10.1039/c1dt10466gM. B. Shiflett and A.Yokozeki, Phase Behaviour of Gases in Ionic Liquids, in Ionic Liquids UnCOILed: Critical Expert Overviews, ed. N. V. Plechkova and K. R. Seddon, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2013, pp. 349–398Ibrahim, A. Y., Ashour, F. H., Ghallab, A. O., & Ali, M. (2014). Effects of piperazine on carbon dioxide removal from natural gas using aqueous methyl diethanol amine. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 21, 894-899. doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2014.10.011Anonymous , Piperazine – Why It's Used And How It Works, The Contractor (Optimized Gas Treating, Inc.), Houston, 2008, 2 [4], http://www.ogtrt.com/files/contactors/vol_2_issue_4.pd

Correction: Carbon dioxide uptake from natural gas by binary ionic liquid–water mixtures

Correction for ‘Carbon dioxide uptake from natural gas by binary ionic liquid–water mixtures’ by Kris Anderson et al., Green Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5gc00720h

The Grizzly, April 10, 1981

Sigma Pi Sigma Chapter Comes to the Campus • Men Draw for Rooms Thursday • College Choir to Present The Creation April 11 • Gulf Oil Aids Students • Lindback Nominations Requested by Dean • Saturday Night Live de Espanol • Cub and Key Selected • Co-ed Housing: Is it Possible at Ursinus? • Counseling Services in Collegeville • Ursinus Astronomy Forum • Departmental Focus: Psychology; German • Music News • Transplanted Texan • Raykes Deserve More Attention • Paradise Theatre Reopens in Philly • Portrait Schedule Announced • Platforms for Class Office Candidates • Sports Profile: Rob Randelman • Women\u27s Lacrosse • Track Runs Away With Another Perfect Week • Baseball Looking Good • Men\u27s Lacrosse Wins in Overtimehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1058/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 19, 1982

Dorm Intrusion: Attack Prompts Security Changes • Council Approves Precalc • Student Apathy: Who Cares? • Elephants and Donkeys Revived on Campus • President\u27s Corner • Pledging Changes Planned • Commentary: Be a Good Boy, Johnny - Take Back Your Tray • Lewis on Wall Street • Applying for the Job • Robert Hazard: The Grizzly Interview • Final Exam Schedule • Grizzly Paws Boost Football Program • Women\u27s Basketball Set to Have Big Season • X-Country Takes a Disappointing Sixth • Soccer Team Was Tough All Year • Men\u27s Swimming Falls to Dickinson in Openerhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1089/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, September 17, 1982

New Ursinus Students Welcomed • Lantern Needs Associate Editor • Vandalism at Myrin • Administration Alterations • Committee Needs Chairmen • Folk Festival Summer Fun • Forum Preview • Lewis on Wall Street • Fencing Anyone? • Sendai Students at UC • Changes in Wismer • USGA Notes • Field Hockey Falls to Trenton State • The Bear Pack is in Top Form, Again • Volleyball Dumps Del Val • Grizzlies Drop Football Opener • Soccer Team Loses Two Close Oneshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1081/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, October 1, 1982

Professors Leave on Sabbatical • New Record Breaker Theme is Photograph • McNamara Displays Hoop Skill • Letter to a Confused Freshman • Ursinus Welcomes New Dean • Letters to the Editor • Opinion: Campus Crime has got to Stop! • It Takes a Trained Eye • GOP\u27s Strategy in \u2782 • The Who Rock JFK • Magnificent Noise • Roving Reporter: What do You Consider to be the Most Positive Aspect of Ursinus College? • I\u27m Turning Japanese • Field Hockey Team Wins 5th Straight • 1982 Ursinus Grizzly Football Stats • Grizzlies Capture First Win! • Grizzlies to Play in Newly Formed Conference • X-Country Streak Broken • Soccer Suffers Setback • Girls\u27 Volleyball Lose Twohttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1083/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, October 22, 1982

Ferry Named Ursinus Queen • Unique Course Offered • U.C. Choir Presents Bach • Night School Enrollment Up • 1983 Spring Registration • Letters to the Editor • President\u27s Corner • Lewis on Wall Street • Half a Great Show • Watching the Boob Tube • Homecoming \u2782 • And to Prove My Point • New Bus Schedule • Washington Semester: Get Out of Here • Bear Pack Falls to Stiff Competition • Soccer Conquers Albright and Alumni • Grapplers Take to the Mats • Grizzlies Suffer Homecoming Setback • Delaware tops Lady Bearshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1085/thumbnail.jp

Mathematical modelling for antibiotic resistance control policy: do we know enough?

Background: Antibiotics remain the cornerstone of modern medicine. Yet there exists an inherent dilemma in their use: we are able to prevent harm by administering antibiotic treatment as necessary to both humans and animals, but we must be mindful of limiting the spread of resistance and safeguarding the efficacy of antibiotics for current and future generations. Policies that strike the right balance must be informed by a transparent rationale that relies on a robust evidence base. Main text: One way to generate the evidence base needed to inform policies for managing antibiotic resistance is by using mathematical models. These models can distil the key drivers of the dynamics of resistance transmission from complex infection and evolutionary processes, as well as predict likely responses to policy change in silico. Here, we ask whether we know enough about antibiotic resistance for mathematical modelling to robustly and effectively inform policy. We consider in turn the challenges associated with capturing antibiotic resistance evolution using mathematical models, and with translating mathematical modelling evidence into policy. Conclusions: We suggest that in spite of promising advances, we lack a complete understanding of key principles. From this we advocate for priority areas of future empirical and theoretical research