Effects of a Follow-On Formula Containing Isomaltulose (Palatinose) on Metabolic Response, Acceptance, Tolerance and Safety in Infants: A Randomized-Controlled Trial

UNLABELLED:Effects of the dietary glycaemic load on postprandial blood glucose and insulin response might be of importance for fat deposition and risk of obesity. We aimed to investigate the metabolic effects, acceptance and tolerance of a follow-on formula containing the low glycaemic and low insulinaemic carbohydrate isomaltulose replacing high glycaemic maltodextrin. Healthy term infants aged 4 to 8 completed months (n = 50) were randomized to receive the intervention follow-on formula (IF, 2.1g isomaltulose (Palatinose™)/100mL) or an isocaloric conventional formula (CF) providing 2.1g maltodextrin/100mL for four weeks. Plasma insulinaemia 60 min after start of feeding (primary outcome) was not statistically different, while glycaemia adjusted for age and time for drinking/volume of meal 60 min after start of feeding was 122(105,140) mg/dL in IF (median, interquartile range) and 111(100,123) in CF (p = 0.01). Urinary c-peptide:creatinine ratio did not differ (IF:81.5(44.7, 96.0) vs. CF:56.8(37.5, 129),p = 0.43). Urinary c-peptide:creatinine ratio was correlated total intake of energy (R = 0.31,p = 0.045), protein (R = 0.42,p = 0.006) and fat (R = 0.40,p = 0.01) but not with carbohydrate intake (R = 0.22,p = 0.16). Both formulae were well accepted without differences in time of crying, flatulence, stool characteristics and the occurrence of adverse events. The expected lower postprandial plasma insulin and blood glucose level due to replacement of high glycaemic maltodextrin by low glycaemic isomaltulose were not observed in the single time-point blood analysis. In infants aged 4 to 8 completed months fed a liquid formula, peak blood glucose might be reached earlier than 60 min after start of feeding. Non-invasive urinary c-peptide measurements may be a suitable marker of nutritional intake during the previous four days in infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01627015

Correction:Prevalence and Cardiovascular Associations of Diabetic Retinopathy and Maculopathy: Results from the Gutenberg Health Study

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in people of working age. The purpose of this paper is to report the prevalence and cardiovascular associations of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy (DMac) in Germany.The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based study with 15,010 participants aged between 35 at 74 years from the city of Mainz and the district of Mainz-Bingen. We determined the weighted prevalence of DR and DMac by assessing fundus photographs of persons with diabetes from the GHS data base. Diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, known diagnosis diabetes mellitus or known diabetes medication. Furthermore, we analysed the association between DR and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases.Overall, 7.5% (1,124/15,010) of the GHS cohort had diabetes. Of these, 27.7% were unaware of their disease and thus were newly diagnosed by their participation in the GHS. The prevalence of DR and DMac was 21.7% and 2.3%, respectively among patients with diabetes. Vision-threatening disease was present in 5% of the diabetic cohort. In the multivariable analysis DR (all types) was associated with age (Odds Ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.97 [0.955-0.992]; p = 0.006) arterial hypertension (1.90 [1.190-3.044]; p = 0.0072) and vision-threatening DR with obesity (3.29 [1.504-7.206]; p = 0.0029). DR (all stages) and vision-threatening DR were associated with duration of diabetes (1.09 [1.068-1.114]; p<0.0001 and 1.18 [1.137-1.222]; p<0.0001, respectively).Our calculations suggest that approximately 142 000 persons aged between 35 and 74 years have vision threatening diabetic retinal disease in Germany [corrected].Prevalence of DR was lower in the GHS compared to East-Asian studies. Associations were found with age, arterial hypertension, obesity, and duration of diabetes mellitus

Experimental Realisation of High-sensitivity Laboratory X-ray Grating-based Phase-contrast Computed Tomography

The possibility to perform high-sensitivity X-ray phase-contrast imaging with laboratory grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (gbPC-CT) setups is of great interest for a broad range of high-resolution biomedical applications. However, achieving high sensitivity with laboratory gbPC-CT setups still poses a challenge because several factors such as the reduced flux, the polychromaticity of the spectrum, and the limited coherence of the X-ray source reduce the performance of laboratory gbPC-CT in comparison to gbPC-CT at synchrotron facilities. In this work, we present our laboratory X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry setup operating at 40 kVp and describe how we achieve the high sensitivity yet unrivalled by any other laboratory X-ray phase-contrast technique. We provide the angular sensitivity expressed via the minimum resolvable refraction angle both in theory and experiment, and compare our data with other differential phase-contrast setups. Furthermore, we show that the good stability of our high-sensitivity setup allows for tomographic scans, by which even the electron density can be retrieved quantitatively as has been demonstrated in several preclinical studies

Prediction of pregnancy state from milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in dairy cows

Submitted 2020-07-14 | Accepted 2020-08-18 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.224-232Pregnancy assessment is a very important tool for the reproductive management in efficient and profitable dairy farms. Nowadays, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is the method of choice in the routine milk recording system for quality control and to determine standard milk components. Since it is well known that there are changes in milk yield and composition during pregnancy, the aim of this study was to develop a discriminant model to predict the pregnancy state from routinely recorded MIR spectral data. The data for this study was from the Austrian milk recording system. Test day records of Fleckvieh, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows between 3 and 305 days of lactation were included in the study. As predictor variables, the first derivative of 212 selected MIR spectral wavenumbers were used. The data set contained roughly 400,000 records from around 40,000 cows and was randomly split into calibration and validation set by farm. Prediction was done with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. Indicators of model fit were sensitivity, specificity, balanced accuracy and Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). In a first approach, one discriminant model for all cows across the whole lactation and gestation lengths was applied. The sensitivity and specificity of this model in validation were 0.856 and 0.836, respectively. Splitting up the results for different lactation stages showed that the model was not able to predict pregnant cases before the third month of lactation and vice versa not able to predict non-pregnancy after the third month of lactation. Consequently, in the second approach a prediction model for each different (expected) pregnancy stage and lactation stage was developed. Balanced accuracies ranged from 0.523 to 0.918. Whether prediction accuracies from this study are sufficient to provide farmers with an additional tool for fertility management, it needs to be explored in discussions with farmers and breeding organizations.Keywords: MIR spectroscopy, pregnancy prediction, dairy cow, PLSReferencesBalhara, A. K., Gupta, M., Singh, S., Mohanty, A. K., & Singh, I. (2013). Early pregnancy diagnosis in bovines: Current status and future directions. The Scientific World Journal, 2013. hhttps://doi.org/10.1155/2013/958540Bekele, N., Addis, M., Abdela, N., & Ahmed, W. M. (2016). Pregnancy Diagnosis in Cattle for Fertility Management: A Review. Global Veterinaria, 16(4), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.16.04.103136Benedet, A., Franzoi, M., Penasa, M., Pellattiero, E., & De Marchi, M. (2019). Prediction of blood metabolites from milk mid-infrared spectra in early-lactation cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(12), 11298–11307. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16937Delhez, P., Ho, P. N., Gengler, N., Soyeurt, H., & Pryce, J. E. (2020). Diagnosing the pregnancy status of dairy cows: How useful is milk mid-infrared spectroscopy? Journal of Dairy Science, 103(4), 3264–3274. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17473Egger-Danner, C., Fürst, C., Mayerhofer, M., Rain, C., & Rehling, C. (2018). ZuchtData Jahresbericht 2018. Vienna. [Online]. Available at: https://zar.at/Downloads/Jahresberichte/ZuchtData-Jahresberichte.html. [Accessed: 2020, May 15].Gengler, N., Tijani, A., Wiggans, G. R., & Misztal, I. (1999). Estimation of (Co)variance function coefficients for test day yield with a expectation-maximization restricted maximum likelihood algorithm. Journal of Dairy Science, 82(8), 1849.e1-1849.e23. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75417-2Grelet, C., Fernández Pierna, J. A., Dardenne, P., Baeten, V., & Dehareng, F. (2015). Standardization of milk mid-infrared spectra from a European dairy network. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(4), 2150–2160. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8764Grelet, C., Bastin, C., Gelé, M., Davière, J. B., Johan, M., Werner, A., Reding, R., Fernandes Pierna, J. A., Colinet, F. G., Dardenne, P., Gendler, N., Soyeurt, H. & Dehareng, F. (2016). Development of Fourier transform mid-infrared calibrations to predict acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate, and citrate contents in bovine milk through a European dairy network. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(6), 4816–4825. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10477Hirpa, A., Yehualaw, B., Wube, A., Asnake, A., Jemberu, A., Medicine, V., & Box, P. O. (2018). Review on Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows, 9(2), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.jri.2018.45.55Ho, P. N., Bonfatti, V., Luke, T. D. W., & Pryce, J. E. (2019). Classifying the fertility of dairy cows using milk mid-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Dairy Science. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16412Humblot, P. (2001). Monitor Pregnancy and Determine the Timing , Frequencies and Sources of Embryonic Mortality in Ruminants. Theriogenology, 56(01), 1417–1433.Kuhn, M. (2008). Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package. Journal of Statistical Software, 28(5), 1–26.Lainé, A., Bel Mabrouk, H., Dale, L. M., Bastin, C., & Gengler, N. (2014). How to use mid-infrared spectral information from milk recording system to detect the pregnancy status of dairy cows. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 79(1), 33–38.Lainé, A., Bastin, C., Grelet, C., Hammami, H., Colinet, F. G., Dale, L. M., Gillon, A., Vandenplas, J., Deharend, F. & Gengler, N. (2017). Assessing the effect of pregnancy stage on milk composition of dairy cows using mid-infrared spectra. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 2863–2876.https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11736Lantz, B. (2015). Machine Learning with R. Machine Learning (Second Edi). Packt Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119642183.ch14Mineur, A., Köck, A., Grelet, C., Gengler, N., Egger-Danner, C., & Sölkner, J. (2017). First Results in the Use of Milk Mid-infrared Spectra in the Detection of Lameness in Austrian Dairy Cows Genomic evaluation View project MACSUR View project. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi Cus, Vol. 82(No. 2 (163-166)), (163-166). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325450513Olori, V. E., Brotherstone, S., Hill, W. G., & McGuirk, B. J. (1997). Effect of gestation stage on milk yield and composition in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science, 52(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00126-7Pohler, K. G., Franco, G. A., Reese, S. T., Dantas, F. G., Ellis, M. D., & Payton, R. R. (2016). Past, present and future of pregnancy detection methods. Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle 7-8 September 2016, 251–259.Rienesl, L., Khayatzadeh, N., Köck, A., Dale, L., Werner, A., Grelet, C., Gengler, N., Auer, F-J., Egger-Danner, C., Massart, X. & Sölkner, J. (2019). Mastitis detection from milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in dairy cows. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67(5), 1221–1226. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967051221Santos, J. E. P., Thatcher, W. W., Chebel, R. C., Cerri, R. L. A., & Galvão, K. N. (2004). The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs. Animal Reproduction Science, 82–83, 513–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.015SAS Institute Inc. (2017). SAS software 9.4. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Soyeurt, H., Dehareng, F., Gengler, N., McParland, S., Wall, E., Berry, D. P., Coffey, P. & Dardenne, P. (2011). Mid-infrared prediction of bovine milk fatty acids across multiple breeds, production systems, and countries. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(4), 1657–1667. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3408Soyeurt, H., Bastin, C., Colinet, F. G., Arnould, V. M.-R., Berry, D. P., Wall, E., Dehareng, F., Nguyen, H. N., Pardenne, P., Schefers, J., Vandenplas, J., Weigel, K., Coffey, M., Théron, L., Detilleux, J., Reding, E., Gengler, N. & McParland, S. (2012). Mid-infrared prediction of lactoferrin content in bovine milk: potential indicator of mastitis. Animal, 6(11), 1830–1838. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731112000791Toffanin, V., De Marchi, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Cassandro, M. (2015). Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for prediction of the contents of calcium and phosphorus, and titratable acidity of milk and their relationship with milk quality and coagulation properties. International Dairy Journal, 41, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.002Vanlierde, A., Vanrobays, M.-L., Dehareng, F., Froidmont, E., Soyeurt, H., McParland, S., S., Lewis, E., Deighton, M. H., Grandl, F., Kreuzer, M., Gredler, B., Dardenne, P. & Gengler, N. (2015). Hot topic: Innovative lactation-stage-dependent prediction of methane emissions from milk mid-infrared spectra. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(8), 5740–5747. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8436Vanlierde, A., Soyeurt, H., Gengler, N., Colinet, F. G., Froidmont, E., Kreuzer, M., Grandl, F., Bell, M., Lund, P., Olijhoek, D. W., Eugéne M., Martin, C., Kuhla, B. & Dehareng, F. (2018). Short communication: Development of an equation for estimating methane emissions of dairy cows from milk Fourier transform mid-infrared spectra by using reference data obtained exclusively from respiration chambers. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(8). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14472

Improved In vivo Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice using X-Ray Dark-Field Radiography

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease with a median life expectancy of 4-5 years after initial diagnosis. Early diagnosis and accurate monitoring of IPF are limited by a lack of sensitive imaging techniques that are able to visualize early fibrotic changes at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. Here, we report a new x-ray imaging approach that directly visualizes the air-tissue interfaces in mice in vivo. This imaging method is based on the detection of small-angle x-ray scattering that occurs at the air-tissue interfaces in the lung. Small-angle scattering is detected with a Talbot-Lau interferometer, which provides the so-called x-ray dark-field signal. Using this imaging modality, we demonstrate-for the first time-the quantification of early pathogenic changes and their correlation with histological changes, as assessed by stereological morphometry. The presented radiography method is significantly more sensitive in detecting morphological changes compared with conventional x-ray imaging, and exhibits a significantly lower radiation dose than conventional x-ray CT. As a result of the improved imaging sensitivity, this new imaging modality could be used in future to reduce the number of animals required for pulmonary research studies

Taxa de lesões de ligamento cruzado anterior em jovens atletas de futebol: uma revisão sistemática

OBJECTIVE: To identify the rate of ACL injuries in young soccer athletes.METHODS: The methodology accounted with a systematic search of articles in 4 databases: “Pubmed/Medline”, “Science Direct”, “Web of Science” e “Lilacs”, through the following combined descriptors: “Anterior Cruciate Ligament”, “Injury”, “Adolescents”, “Soccer Players” and “Athletes”. Were selected to the review studies from 2016 to 2021 with data referred to ACL injury in athletes with age from 13 to 18 years old from both sexes. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and methodological quality assessment performed by STROBE checklist. RESULTS: As a result, 544 studies were found, and those published from 2016 to 2021 were selected (144). Through the steps of reading the titles (89), abstracts (66), and full articles (13), 4 studies were selected that met the inclusion criteria presenting an outcome on the injury rate, where was found a higher incidence of ACL injuries for girls. Despite this, only two of the studies specifically investigated the incidence in relation to other characteristics (activity, mechanism, event).CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the rate of ACL injuries is significantly higher in girls than in boys during adolescence, having characteristics of non-contact injuries and occurring mainly in competitions, but data on the nature of these injuries are still scarce.OBJETIVO: Identificar a taxa de lesão de LCA em jovens atletas de futebol.MÉTODOS: A metodologia contou com a busca sistemática dos artigos em 4 bases de dados: “Pubmed/Medline”, “Science Direct”, “Web of Science” e “Lilacs” através dos seguintes descritores combinados: “Anterior Cruciate Ligament”, “Injury”, “Adolescents”, “Soccer Players” e “Athletes”. Foram selecionados para a revisão os estudos de 2016 a 2021 com dados referentes a lesões de LCA em atletas com idades dos 13 aos 18 anos de ambos os sexos. A revisão seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA, e avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada através da lista de verificação STROBE.RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 544 estudos, sendo selecionados os publicados no período de 2016 a 2021 (144). Através das etapas de leitura dos títulos (89), dos resumos (66), e dos artigos na íntegra (13), foram selecionados 4 estudos que atenderam o critério de inclusão apresentando desfecho sobre a taxa de lesões, onde se constatou maior incidência de lesões do LCA para meninas. Apesar disso, apenas dois dos estudos averiguou a incidência em relação a outras características (atividade, mecanismo, evento) de forma específica.CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a taxa de lesões de LCA é significativamente maior em meninas do que em meninos durante adolescência, tendo características de lesões sem contato e ocorrendo principalmente em competições, porém ainda são escassos os dados a respeito da natureza destas lesões