Carryover de herbicidas em sistemas cultivados com olerícolas

The residual effect of herbicides in the soil on sensitive succeeding crops is known as carryover. Most studies on carryover in vegetable crops have been developed in other countries; however, the problems arising from this phenomenon are also a reality in Brazil. The limited information in the literature, together with the absence of alerts and periods of restriction in the instructions for use of herbicides sold in the country for sensitive vegetables grown in succession contribute to the occurrence of major damage to horticulturists. Herbicides carryover can cause injury, visibly or not, in vegetable crops, it can reduce growth and productivity, as well as compromise the quality of the product and even derail the area for cultivation for years. This review describes the dynamics of herbicides in soil and brings together several works about the residual effect of herbicides in vegetable crops. Further, it discusses the possible ways of monitoring cultivated areas through the analysis in laboratories or bioassays, and strategies to minimize the harmful effects in these cultures, which are highly sensitive. In this context, the integrated weed management is essential to reduce the need for herbicide use and accumulation these on the soil, reducing the risk of carryover, as well as legislative action for the inclusion of restriction periods of sensitive vegetables grown in the instructions for use of herbicides.O efeito residual de herbicidas no solo sobre culturas sucessoras sensíveis é conhecido como carryover. A maioria dos estudos sobre carryover em olerícolas tem sido desenvolvida em outros países, no entanto, os problemas advindos desse fenômeno são uma realidade também no Brasil. A limitada informação presente na literatura, aliada à ausência de alertas e períodos de restrição nas bulas dos herbicidas comercializados no país para o cultivo de olerícolas sensíveis em sucessão contribuem para a ocorrência de grandes prejuízos aos olericultores. Carryover de herbicidas pode causar intoxicação de forma visível ou não nas olerícolas, reduzir o crescimento e a produtividade, assim como comprometer a qualidade do produto e até mesmo inviabilizar a área para o cultivo por anos. A presente revisão descreve a dinâmica dos herbicidas no solo e reúne diversos trabalhos acerca do efeito residual de herbicidas em olerícolas. Além disso, discute as possíveis formas de monitoramento das áreas cultivadas, através da análise em laboratórios ou de bioensaios, e as estratégias para minimizar os efeitos danosos nessas culturas, que são altamente sensíveis. Nesse contexto, o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas é essencial para redução da necessidade de utilização de herbicidas e aporte desses no solo, diminuindo os riscos de carryover, além de medida legislativa para inclusão dos períodos de restrição de cultivo de olerícolas sensíveis nas bulas dos herbicidas

Selectivity of ethoxysulfuron to soybean and common bean

A emergência da soja durante o cultivo do feijão pode interferir negativamente na produtividade do feijoeiro. Este problema pode ser minimizado com o uso de herbicida que seja seletivo ao feijoeiro e não seletivo a soja. Neste contexto, avaliou-se a seletividade do herbicida ethoxysulfuron às culturas da soja e do feijão. Dois experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada experimento correspondeu a uma cultura avaliada: feijão ou soja. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x9, com o primeiro fator correspondente a aplicação do herbicida isolado ou em mistura com óleo mineral Nimbus® na concentração de 0,5% v/v e o segundo fator das doses do ethoxysulfuron (0; 1,8; 3,6; 5,4; 7,2; 9,0; 13,5; 18,0 e 36,0 g i.a ha-1). Avaliou-se aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação do herbicida (DAA) a fitointoxicação visual e aos 35 DAA a área foliar e massa da matéria seca total das plantas. O ethoxysulfuron causou baixa intoxicação às plantas de feijão, sem interferir na área foliar e na massa da matéria seca total das plantas. A soja foi sensível ao herbicida, sobretudo nas maiores doses e na presença do óleo mineral. A dose de 36 g i.a. ha-1 de ethoxysulfuron com o óleo mineral causou a morte das plantas de soja, sem alterar o crescimento do feijoeiro.The emergence of soybean seeds in fields during the common bean cultivation can negatively affect the growth and yield of this crop. This problem can be minimized with the use of selective herbicides to common bean but non-selective to soybean. Aiming to define management strategies to voluntary soybean plants in the common beans crop, this research was carried out to evaluate the selectivity of ethoxysulfuron to soybean and common beans crops. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in randomized block design with four replications. Each experiment corresponded to a crop: soybean or common bean. Treatments were arranged in factorial arrangement 2x9, where the first factor corresponds to herbicide application single or in tank mixture with mineral oil Nimbus® at 0.5% v/v and the second was related to ethoxysulfuron doses (0, 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, 9.0, 13.5, 18 and 36 g a.i. ha-1). At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application (DAA) was evaluated the visual intoxication, and at 35 DAA the leaf area and total plant dry matter. The ethoxysulfuron caused low intoxication to common bean plants, without interfering in leaf area and total plant dry matter. Soybean was sensitive to this herbicide, especially in higher doses and in the presence of mineral oil. The dose of 36 g a.i. ha-1 of ethoxysulfuron plus mineral oil caused the death of soybean plants without interfere in growing of common bean crop

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Foliar absorption as a mechanism of tolerance of onion to flumioxazin applied in the early stages

A competição com as plantas daninhas reduz drasticamente a produtividade da cebola.O uso de herbicidas é uma alternativa viável no controle de plantas daninhas, entretanto, há poucas moléculas seletivas à cultura nos seus estádios iniciais. A tolerância diferencial por cultivares dificulta a recomendação de uso de herbicidas nesses estádios de maior sensibilidade. Contudo a redução de doses é uma alternativa no controle de plantas daninhas sem que o herbicida cause danos à cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância da cebola em função da modalidade de aplicação do flumioxazin e em função da cera epicuticular de oito cultivares, nos estádios de uma e três folhas. Para a avaliação da tolerância em função da modalidade de aplicação, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 em que o primeiro fator corresponde à modalidade de aplicação (diretamente no solo, nas folhas, folhas e solo e sem aplicação - testemunha) e o segundo fatorfoi diferentes lâminas d'água (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 mm). Para avaliar a tolerância da cebola em função da cera epicuticular,os tratamentos foram constituídos de um fatorial 8 x 3, sendo oito cultivares de cebola (Aquarius, Lucinda, Optima, Predileta, Sirius, Soberana, TPX 18612 e TPX 20561),nas doses 15 e 30 g ha -1 , 15 e 50 g ha -1 e 0 g ha -1 de flumioxazin aplicadas sequencialmente nosestádios de uma e três folhas, respectivamente. O experimento para avaliação do teor de cera em função dos estádios vegetativos foi montado num fatorial 5 x 2.O primeiro fator foram os estádios vegetativos (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 folhas) e o segundo fator com e sem déficit hídrico. Avaliou-se intoxicação das plantas aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA), altura de plantas aos 14 e 28 DAA e massa de massa seca de folhas, bulbos e raiz aos 90 DAA.A intoxicação das plantas foram baixas (<20%). As massas de folhas, bulbos e raízes não apresentaram redução independente do direcionamento de aplicação e da interferência de lâmina de água.O maior acúmulo de cera foi observado no estádio de uma folha (8μg cm -2 ) sem indução de déficit hídrico.A cultivar Aquarius apresentou 14% de redução na massa seca de folhas e 24% de redução de massa seca de bulbos. Contudo disso, apresentou maior acúmulo de cera (47,5 μg cm -2 ) no estádio de uma folha, todavia apresentou maior porcentagem de compostos apolares na sua composição (6%). Omaior acúmulo de cera ocorreu no estádio de uma folha com indução de déficit hídrico.Conclui-se que o uso do flumioxazin, na terceira folha da cebola não ocasiona danos na cultura independente da modalidade de aplicação e da interferência de lâmina d’água. A cultivar Aquarius demonstrou menor tolerância ao flumioxazin. O maior acúmulo de cera epicuticular foi observado no estádio de uma folha quando as plantas foram induzidas ao déficit hídrico.The differential tolerance for cultivars makes it difficult to recommend the use of herbicides in these more sensitive stages. However, dose reduction is an alternative in weed control without the herbicide causing crop damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the tolerance of onion as a function of the flumioxazin application modality and as a function of the epicuticular wax of eight cultivars, in the one and three leaf stages. In order to evaluate the tolerance according to the modality of application, the treatments were arranged in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme in which the first factor corresponds to the application modality (directly on the soil, leaves, leaves and soil and without control application) and The second factor was different water depths (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 and 10 mm). To evaluate the onion tolerance as a function of the epicuticular wax, the treatments consisted of an 8 x 3 factorial, being eight onion cultivars (Aquarius, Lucinda, Optima, Predileta, Sirius, Soberana, TPX 18612 and TPX 20561) at doses 15 and 30 g ha -1 , 15 and 50 g ha -1 and 0 g ha -1 of flumioxazin applied sequentially in the one- and three-leaf stages, respectively.The experiment to evaluate the wax content in function of the vegetative stages was set up in a 5 x 2 factorial.The first factor was the vegetative stages (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 leaves) and the second factor with and without water deficit. Plant intoxication was evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA), plant height at 14 and 28 DAA, and mass of leaf, bulb and root dry mass at 90 DAA. Plant intoxication was low (<20%). Leaf, bulb and root masses showed no reduction in application orientation and water blade interference. The largest accumulation of wax was observed at the leaf stage (8 μg cm -2 ) without induction of water deficit. The cultivar Aquarius showed a 14% reduction in dry leaf mass and 24% reduction in dry mass of bulbs. However, it presented a higher accumulation of wax (47,5μg cm -2 ) in the leaf stage, however, it presented a higher percentage of apolar compounds in its composition (6%). The largest accumulation of wax occurred at the leaf stage with induction of water deficit. It is concluded that the use of flumioxazin in the third leaf of the onion does not cause damages in the culture independent of the application modality and the interference of water blade. Aquarius showed lower tolerance to flumioxazin. The highest accumulation of epicuticular wax was observed at the leaf stage when the plants were induced to the water deficit.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

APLICAÇÃO DE ÁCIDO SALICÍLICO COMO ATENUADOR DOS EFEITOS DE DÉFICIT HÍDRICO NO MILHO

O cultivo do milho pode ocorrer em condições de safrinha ou cultivo em sequeiro. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de ácido salicílico (AS) como atenuador de estresse hídrico. O experimento foi constituído de um fatorial 6 x 2, sendo o primeiro fator seis doses de AS (0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5 mM), e o segundo com ou sem déficit hídrico, e cinco repetições, contendo um controle sem aplicação e com capina manual. Avaliou-se fitotoxicidade, clorofilas totais e massa de matéria seca (parte aérea e raiz). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão. As plantas submetidas ao déficit hídrico apresentaram falta de turgidez nas folhas e crescimento menor se comparadas às que não sofreram déficit hídrico. As plantas sob estresse apresentaram maior sintomas de fitotoxicidade. Os dados de clorofila e de massa seca mostram prejuízos com o déficit hídrico, o que pode minimizar a taxa fotossintética, por possuir menor concentração de clorofila. Conclui-se que o AS atenua os efeitos de déficit hídrico no milh

Comprehensive landscape of neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated response elicited by the 1/5 fractional dose of 17DD-YF primary vaccination in adults

Abstract The present study aimed at evaluating the YF-specific neutralizing antibody profile besides a multiparametric analysis of phenotypic/functional features of cell-mediated response elicited by the 1/5 fractional dose of 17DD-YF vaccine, administered as a single subcutaneous injection. The immunological parameters of each volunteer was monitored at two time points, referred as: before (Day 0) [Non-Vaccinated, NV(D0)] and after vaccination (Day 30–45) [Primary Vaccinees, PV(D30–45)]. Data demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies for PV(D30–45) leading to a seropositivity rate of 93%. A broad increase of systemic soluble mediators with a mixed profile was also observed for PV(D30–45), with IFN-γ and TNF-α presenting the highest baseline fold changes. Integrative network mapping of soluble mediators showed increased correlation numbers in PV(D30–45) as compared to NV(D0) (532vs398). Moreover, PV(D30–45) exhibited increased levels of Terminal Effector (CD45RA+CCR7−) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and Non-Classical memory B-cells (IgD+CD27+). Dimensionality reduction of Mass Cytometry data further support these findings. A polyfunctional cytokine profile (TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-10/IL-17/IL-2) of T and B-cells was observed upon in vitro antigen recall. Mapping and kinetics timeline of soluble mediator signatures for PV(D30–45) further confirmed the polyfunctional profile upon long-term in vitro culture, mediated by increased levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α along with decreased production of IL-10. These findings suggest novel insights of correlates of protection elicited by the 1/5 fractional dose of 17DD-YF vaccine

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2007

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)