Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis Temple in Bergama

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Architectural Restoration, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 111-115)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvii, 128 leavesSerapis Temple, which was constructed in the Roman Period and reached our present time, is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. We must hand over this monument to next generations. This requires the identification of the characteristics of original construction materials and their deterioration problems for preventive measures.In this study, characteristics of bricks, mortars and plasters used in the Serapis Temple have been determined in order to have the necessary information of the characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. For this purpose, Roman, Byzantine and intervention bricks, mortars and plasters were collected for the laboratory analysis.Several analyses were carried out to understand their basic physical properties, microstructural features, and mineralogical and chemical compositions.Experimental results of the study indicated that Roman and intervention bricks are low dense and high porous. Raw materials used in their manufacturing were calcium poor clays and their firing temperatures did not exceed 900 C.Roman and Byzantine mortars and plasters are stiff, compact, low dense and high porous materials. They have high compressive strength values. But, intervention mortars are not stiff and compact and they have very low compressive strength.The mortars used during the late restoration works (1940) were manufactured by using lime and cement. Due to the use of cement, they contain a high amount of soluble salts compared to the Roman and Byzantine ones.The results of this study indicated that intervention materials should be compatible with the original materials and they will not give any damage to the original ones. This requires knowing about both the composition and physical properties of original materials as well as the problems of deterioration

Properties of Roman bricks and mortars used in Serapis temple in the city of Pergamon

Serapis temple, which was constructed in the Roman period in the city of Pergamon (Bergama/Turkey), is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. In this study, the characteristics of bricks and mortars used in the temple have been determined in order to define the necessary characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. Several analyses were carried out to determine their basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical and microstructural properties using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and a Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer. Analysis results indicated that the mortars are stiff, compact and hydraulic due to the use of natural pozzolanic aggregates. The Roman bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures

Effects of vapocoolant spray prior to SC LMWH injection: an experimental study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vapocoolant spray administration prior to subcutaneous (SC) low molecular weight heparin injection on local ecchymosis, hematoma, and pain. This randomized controlled study was carried out on 64 patients (n = 128 injections) in an orthopedics and traumatology clinic. After randomization, vapocoolant spray and then heparin injection was applied on one arm. The second necessary dose of heparin was applied to his or her other arm as a placebo by a water spray. Then, the pain of the patients was assessed. After 2 days, ecchymosis and hematoma were evaluated. Significant lower pain scores were determined in applications in which the vapocoolant spray was used. There was no statically significant difference between the mean diameter values of ecchymosis in both arm groups. There was no hematoma on the injection site after injections. However, this method did not create any significant reductive effect on ecchymosis. Nurses are advised to take advantage of vapocoolant spray effects prior to SC heparin injection

Special Education Candidate Teachers’ Metaphors about Social Media

Because technology is developing each day and internet is getting easier to access, the types of communication among the people also have a constant alteration. Social media being one of the leads, especially the students undergoing an education frequently use these new communication styles. Studies in this context suggest that students do not use social media only to communicate with each other but also to exchange information, cooperate and share their class materials. In this regard, the perspectives of those who will be teaching students with special needs regarding social media are important to focus on. Therefore, this inquiry aims to identify the approaches of special education candidate teachers about social media courses through metaphors. The phenomenological research design was applied in this study. Participants were chosen from the candidate teachers who studied Special Education Teaching at Sakarya University Education Faculty in 2017 and 2018. The data was collected through the forms which had expressions as “because it is … social media is like … “and content analysis was used to examine this data. The forms were filled by 87 participants and the results show that they have developed 81 different metaphors. Based on the reasons for these metaphors researchers formed 6 categories: life colour, side effect, object, dependency, necessity and waste of time. It was also observed that the perspectives of special education candidate teachers about social media courses were typically positive

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Sıbyan Mektepleri ile Okul Öncesi Öğretim Programlarında Değerler Eğitimi

Bu çalışmada amaç, sıbyan mektepleri ile okul öncesi öğretim programlarında değerler eğitimine nasıl yer verildiği ve buna yönelik çalışmaların neler olduğunu karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirip okuyucuya sunmaktır. Çalışmanın amacı kapsamında takip edilen yöntem tarihsel metottur. Bu amaç çerçevesinde çalışmada öncelikle sıbyan mekteplerinin eğitim-öğretim programlarına yönelik bir resim sunulmuştur. Daha sonra Tanzimat’la birlikte bu okulların öğretim müfredatında yer almaya başlayan ahlak dersleri ile bu derslere yönelik yazılan ahlak risalelerine yer verilmiştir. Sıbyan mekteplerinde hangi ahlaki değerlerin öğretildiğini somutlaştırmak adına yedi tane ahlak risalesi Osmanlıcadan günümüz Türkçesine transkripsiyon edilmiş ve bu risalelerde ele alınan ahlaki değerlerden bazılarına geniş bir şekilde yer verilmiştir. Diğer taraftan sıbyan mekteplerinde ahlaki değerler öğrencilere öğretilirken nasıl bir yöntem takip edildiği ve ahlaki değer öğretiminin ne zaman verilmesi gerektiğine dair bilgiler, ahlak risalelerin içerik ve biçim açısından değerlendirilmesi sırasında verilmiştir. Araştırmada ikinci olarak bugüne kadar hazırlanıp uygulanan okul öncesi öğretim programlarından hareketle Cumhuriyet’in ilanından bugüne okul öncesi öğretim programlarında değerler eğitiminin nasıl yer aldığı, değerler eğitimine yönelik ne gibi çalışmaların yapıldığı aşamalı bir şekilde verilmiştir. Bunun yanında değerler eğitiminin öğretmen eğitimi lisans programlarına nasıl yansıdığı, bu yansımaların öğretmenlere ne gibi beceriler yüklediği, okul öncesi öğretmenlerin değerler eğitimini çocuklara verirken uygulamada ne gibi güçlüklerle karşılaştığı ve bu güçlükleri aşmak adına neler yapılabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla çalışma, Cumhuriyet’ten önce değerler eğitiminin nasıl verildiğini ve o dönem toplum sahasında bozulmaların önüne geçmek için hangi değerlerin ağırlık kazandığını, Cumhuriyet sonrasından bugüne okul öncesi öğretim programlarında değerler eğitiminin nasıl yer aldığını karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde ortaya koyarak bugüne bir ışık tutmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre sıbyan mekteplerinde yoğun bir değer aktarımının olduğu, okul öncesi öğretim programlarında ise ilk zamanlarda değer eğitimine yer verişmediği, sonraki programlarda sınırlı sayıda değerin verildiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanında sıbyan mekteplerinde kaçınılması gereken davranışlara da yer verilmiştir

Determining Critical Thinking Dispositions of Nursing: A Comperative Study

Giriş: Hemşirelik mesleği doğası gereği sürekli problem çözmek ve profesyonel kararlar almak durumunda olan bir meslektir. Bu nedenlehemşirelerin kliniksel alanda eleştirel düşünme becerilerini kullanmaları beklenmektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışma hemşirelerin eleştirel düşünmebecerilerinin bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisini incelemek amacı ile karşılaştırmalı ve tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmanınevrenini bir üniversite hastanesi ve bir devlet hastanesi servislerinde çalışan hemşireler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada herhangi bir örneklemeyöntemine başvurulmayıp çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden hemşirelerin tamamı çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Çalışmaya katılmayı kabuletmeyen, ulaşılamayan ve ölçek sorularına eksik cevap veren kişiler olması nedeni ile bu çalışmanın örneklemini 166 (n: 166) hemşireoluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak Facione tarafından geliştirilen ve Kökdemir tarafından Türkçe'ye uyarlanan California EleştirelDüşünme Eğilimi Ölçeği ve sosyodemografik özellikler anket formu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Örneklemi oluşturan hemşirelerin; yaş, eğitimdurumu, medeni durum hastane ve çalışma yılına göre eleştirel düşünme puan ortalamaları arasında fark olmadığı (p > 0.05) örneklemineleştirel düşünme beceri puan ortalamalarının orta düzeyde olduğu, yaş ve çalışma yılı ile eleştirel düşünme becerisi arasında ilişkibulunmadığı (p > 0.05) belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Hemşirelik eğitim müfredatlarına beceri temelli eleştirel düşünme derslerinin konulması,üniversite hastanesi ve devlet hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerin eleştirel düşünme becerilerini inceleyen başka çalışmaların yapılması,eleştirel düşünmeyi etkileyen ve geliştiren demografik ve eğitimsel değişkenlerin (öğretim yöntemleri) araştırmacılar tarafından araştırılmasıönerilmiştir. Therefore, nurses are expected to use their critical thinking skills in the clinical practice. Aim: This descriptive and comparative study wasconducted to investigate the relationship between critical thinking skills of the nurses and some variables. Method: Nurses working invarious services of a university hospital and a state hospital constituted the study group. Without any special sampling, all the nurses whoagreed to participate were included in the study. Due to nurses who refused to participate in the study or could not be reached, or whosequestionnaires were incomplete, the final sample group consisted of 166 (n = 166) nurses. The California Critical Thinking DispositionInventory and Social and Demographic Questionnaire, developed by Facione and adapted to Turkish by Kökdemir, was used as a datacollection tool. Results: Nurses make up the sample; age, education level, marital status, compared to working in hospitals and there is nodifference between critical thinking scores (p > 0.05) also moderate sample scores of critical thinking skills. No correlation was detectedbetween variables such as age, total working years, marital status, educational status and critical thinking skills (p > 0.05). Conclusion:Introduction of critical thinking skills-based curriculum of nursing education courses, university hospitals and public hospital nurses workingin other studies investigating critical thinking skills, critical thinking and develops affecting the demographic and educational variables(teaching methods) are proposed by researchers to investigate

Organic bulk heterojunction solar cells based on benzodithiophene and benzothiadiazole containing conjugated polymers

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) or so-called organic solar cells particularly hold promise for manufacturing solar energy due to their advantages in low cost and production processes. In order to understand and improve the performance of OPVs, intense efforts have been dedicated around the world [1]. In particular, conjugated polymers are attractive for OPVs due to the π-conjugated systems in the polymer backbone which generates and transport the charge carriers [2]. Therefore, the design and synthesis of novel conjugated organic polymers play important role to obtain higher photovoltaic properties and improve the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the OPVs. For this purpose, benzodithiophene and benzothiadiazole containing monomers were independently synthesized, then polymerized via Stille cross-coupling reaction to obtain P1 and P2 polymers. Oxidation and reduction behavior of the polymers were studied by cyclic voltammetry. Measurements indicated that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels were -5.25 eV for P1 and -5.38 eV for P2. The optical band gaps of P1 and P2 were calculated via UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy as 1.54 eV and 1.64 eV, respectively. Bulk heterojunction solar cells were constructed with these polymers as the donor moieties together with PC71BM as the acceptor in the active layer. The current/voltage measurements showed that the highest PCEs of these photovoltaic devices were recorded as 2.52% for P1: PC71BM (1:4, w/w) in 2% DIO and 1.67% for P2: PC71BM (1:3, w/w) in 3% DIO solution

Cryptosporidium spp. in Dogs - Prevalence and Genotype Distribution

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that affects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. The disease can cause acute and chronic diarrhoea and even death in both humans and animals. In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of Cryptosporidiosis in shelter dogs in Diyarbakır province located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material of the study consisted of 100 dogs of different breeds and sexes. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum with disposable latex gloves and placed in individual sample containers.  All of the samples were examined for Cryptosporidium  spp. by Kinyoun Acid Fast and Nested PCR methods. In the Kinyoun Acid Fast staining method, firstly, smear preparations were prepared from fresh faecal samples, fixed in pure methanol for 1 min and allowed to dry. The slides were kept in Kinyoun Carbol-Fuxin for 5 min, dipped in 50% ethyl alcohol, shaken, washed in tap water, kept in 1% sulphuric acid for 2 min and washed in tap water.  The slides were kept in methylene blue for 1 min, washed in tap water and allowed to dry. After drying, immersion oil was dripped and examined under a microscope at 100 magnification. DNA extraction was performed from all samples using GeneMATRIX Stool DNA Purification Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. After Nested PCR analysis was performed. In the PCR step, primers 5'-TTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCG-3' and 5'- CCCATTTCCTTCCTTCGAAACAGGA-3' were used to amplify the 1325 bp gene region. In the nested PCR step, primers 5'- GGAAGGGTTGTATTTATTTATTAGATAAAG-3' and 5'-AAGGAGTAAGGAACAACCTCCA-3' were used to amplify the 826-864 bp gene region. As a result of both methods, a prevalence of 3% was determined. The infection rate was higher in males (3.57%) than females (2.27%) and in younger than 1 year (5.56%) than in older than 1 year (1.56%). The DNA sequences obtained from the sequence analysis of 3 positive PCR samples were analysed in BioEdit software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the data set created by using the 18s rRNA gene sequences obtained from the NCBI genbank database and the DNA sequences obtained as a result of the study, and it was shown which Cryptosporidium species the study samples were related to. Today, many Cryptosporidium species have been identified and most of these species have host adaptation. Although C. canis is the most common species in dogs, C. muris, C. meleagridis, and C. parvum have also been detected. Among these species, C. parvum is recognized as a zoonotic species infecting a wide range of mammals. In this study, DNA sequencing of nested PCR positive samples revealed that 3 samples were zoonotic C. parvum. Discussion: This suggests that dogs may be a reservoir for zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium.  Consequently, it is recommended that people should be informed about the potential for transmission of this protozoan to humans and animals and that control programmes should be implemented, including the prevention of free entry of stray dogs into public places and homes. Keywords: Cryptosporidium  parvum, molecular analysis, canine, Diyarbakır, Turkey