MacDonald codes over the ring F2+ uF2+ u2F2

Recently codes over finite rings have received much attention. In [1] MacDonald codes of type α and β over the ring F2+ uF2 were given as a generalization of MacDonald codes over Z4 [5]. In this paper, we construct MacDonald codes over the ring F2+uF2+u2F2, where u3= 0 and F2={0, 1} by using simplex codes over the ring F2+ uF2+ u2F2, besides we describe their properties such as minimum Hamming, Lee and generalized Lee weights

MacDonald codes over the ring F3+ vF3

The binary MacDonald codes were introduced in [9] and q− ary version (q≥ 2) MacDonald code over the finite field Fq was studied in [10]. In [5], CJ Colbourn and M. Gupta obtained two families of MacDonald codes over the ring Z4 from Z4-simplex codes of types α and β, Sα k and S β k . They studied some fundamental properties of the codes. In [1], it was shown that the results of [5] concerning the codes over the ring Z4 are valid for the ring F2+ uF2 where u2= 0 and F2 is a field of two elements. In [2], the Mac-Donald codes over the ring F2+ uF2+ u2F2 were constructed, where u3= 0 and F2={0, 1} by using simplex codes over the ring F2+ uF2+ u2F2. Their properties were described. In [6], the MacDonald codes over F2+ vF2 wer

On 2-absorbing Primal Hyperideals Of Multiplicative Hyperrings

Let R be a commutative multiplicative hyperring. In this paper, we introduce the concept of 2-absorbing primal hyperideals. A non zero hyperideal I of a multiplicative hyperring R is called a 2-absorbing primal hyperideal of R if the set of all elements in R; that are not 2-absorbing prime to I forms a hyperideal of R; denoted (I) = fd 2 R; d is not a 2 - absorbing prime to Ig: We study properties of 2-absorbing primal hyperideals and introduce a number of results concerning 2-absorbing primal hyperideals illustrated by several examples of 2-absorbing primal hyperideals

Skew constacyclic codes over Fp+ vFp

In this paper, we study a special class of linear codes called skew constacyclic codes over finite non-chain rings of the form Fp+ vFp, where p is an odd prime and v2= v. We use ideal θv-constacyclic codes to define skew constacyclic codes, investigate the structural properties of skew polynomial ring 고 [x, θv]/(xn-λ) and determine them

An exploration of bullying behaviours in nursing : a review of the literature

This article explores bullying behaviours in nursing in the United Kingdom and other countries, why it happens and suggests actions to prevent or combat it. Bullying involves intentional and repeated psychological violence humiliating and isolating staff from colleagues. Current literature reports that 20-25% of nursing staff experience bullying behaviour. The main perpetrators are nurses in a senior position to those being bullied and colleagues who are established staff members. Those likely to be bullied are students and new staff members. Bullying can cause distress and depression, with up to 25 per cent of those bullied leaving their jobs or the profession, and have an impact on patient care. Factors contributing to bullying are hierarchical management and employees not feeling empowered. Silence and inaction by managers and colleagues allows this behaviour to continue. A zero tolerance and the addressing of this behaviour clearly and promptly by managers should be instigated. Staff being bullied should be supported by colleague

Infection Control of Spatial Disseminated Multi-Antibiotics Resistant And Phylo- Diverse Staphylococcus Aureus Pathotypes

Focal dissemination of multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) Staphylococci pathotypes regulated by agr functionalities was investigated and evaluated for infection control. Non-repetitive Staphylococcus aureus strains from soft and skin infections disseminated in several communities were recovered and biotyped, assayed for biofilm and profiled for antibiotic resistance. Strains were further genotyped for spa types, virulence and resistant genes; and mapped for geospatial distribution. Clonal diversity and functional accessory gene regulators ( agr ) were also evaluated. Staphylococcal infection was not significant with age group (p>0.05), but high rate of MSSA (53.0%) and MRSA (1.5%) was observed. Median resistance rates were significantly differ (p=0.001) but highest 75 th percentile and media resistance rates were observed in wound infection. Resistance rate of 78.8% at MIC 50 32μg/ml and MIC 90 128μg/ml to amoxicillin-clavulanate, and more than 40% resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline with MIC 90 and MIC 50 at 32 μg/ml were observed. More than 0.83 multi-antibiotic resistance index (MARI) were observed among the strains that clustered into separate phylo-group expressing high beta- lactamase and strong biofilm production. Heterogeneous spa types t442 (wound and pus), t657 (wound), t091 (ear) and t657 (ear and wound) revealed high phylo- diversity. Only 4.6% pvl + MSSA-CC1 agr I, pvl + MSSA-CC5 (13.6%) and pvl + MRSA-CC7 agr II (4.6%), expressed enterotoxin; sea, sec, sed, sej, Leukocidins ( LukF-PV, lukD, lukE ), proteases ( aur, slpA sspB, sspE ) and resistance genes ( fosB, msr (A), bla mph(C),aphA3, sat, fosB, sdrM, Q7A4X2) . Phylogenetic related spa types of livestock origin, specifically bovine milk clustered with detected strains that were prevalent in urban communities with focal dissemination to other nearest suburbs. Clonal dissemination resistant pvl+ MAR MSSA-CC1 and MRSA- CC5 encoding agr were predominant in several peri-urban communities. This require adequate genosurveillance, population-target antimicrobial stewardship, extensive community health care intervention policy and well-structured infection control programs to prevent further focal dissemination

Perceptions and Attitudes of Egyptian Health Professionals and Policy-Makers towards Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives and Other Promotional Activities

Pharmaceutical promotion activities in low and middle-income countries are often neither regulated nor monitored. While Egypt has the highest population and per capita use of medicines in the Arab world, we know very little about pharmaceutical companies promotional activities in the country.To explore and analyze the perceptions of physicians towards promotional and marketing activities of pharmaceutical companies among physicians and pharmacists in Egypt.Perspectives of different healthcare system stakeholders were explored through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in 2014 in Cairo, Egypt. Interviewees were chosen via purposive sampling and snowball technique. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. Then qualitative, thematic analysis was conducted with the help of NVIVO software.The majority of physicians and pharmacists acknowledged exposure to pharmaceutical promotion. It was commonly believed that interaction with the pharmaceutical industry is necessary and both associated risks and benefits were acknowledged. The interviewed physicians considered themselves competent enough to minimize risks and maximize benefits to their prescribing habits. Views diverged on the extent and magnitude of the risks and benefits of pharmaceutical promotion, especially in regard to the influence on patients' health.Pharmaceutical promotion in Egypt is intensely directed at prescribers and dispensers. Physicians, pharmacists and policymakers expressed little skepticism to the influence of promotion towards their individual prescribing. Raising awareness of the pitfalls of pharmaceutical promotion is necessary, especially among the less experienced physicians

Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from small scale and backyard chicken in Kenya

Background Thermophilic Campylobacter species are a major cause of bacterial foodborne diarrhoea in humans worldwide. Poultry and their products are the predominant source for human campylobacteriosis. Resistance of Campylobacter to antibiotics is increasing worldwide, but little is known about the antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Kenya. In this study, 35 suspected Campylobacter strains isolated from faeces and cloacal swabs of chicken were tested for their susceptibility to seven antibiotics using a broth microdilution assay and molecular biological investigations. Results Overall, DNA of thermophilic Campylobacter was identified in 53 samples by PCR (34 C. jejuni, 18 C. coli and one mix of both species) but only 35 Campylobacter isolates (31 C. jejuni and 4 C. coli) could be re-cultivated after transportation to Germany. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics using a broth microdilution assay. Additionally, molecular biological detection of antibiotic resistance genes was carried out. C. jejuni isolates showed a high rate of resistance to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin of 77.4, 71.0 and 71.0 %, respectively. Low resistance (25.8 %) was detected for gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance in C. jejuni could be detected in 19 (61.3 %) isolates. Resistance pattern of C. coli isolates was comparable. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was confirmed by MAMA–PCR and PCR–RFLP in all phenotypically resistant isolates. The tet(O) gene was detected only in 54.5 % of tetracycline resistant C. jejuni isolates. The tet(A) gene, which is also responsible for tetracycline resistance, was found in 90.3 % of C. jejuni and in all C. coli isolates. Thirteen phenotypically erythromycin-resistant isolates could not be characterised by using PCR–RFLP and MAMA–PCR. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report about resistance to antibiotics in thermophilic Campylobacter originating from chicken in Kenya. Campylobacter spp. show a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline but also a remarkable one to chloramphenicol and gentamicin and they are multidrug resistant. Resistance to antibiotics is a global public health concern. In Kenya, resistance surveillance needs further attention in the future. Efforts to establish at least a National Laboratory with facilities for performing phenotypic and genotypic characterization of thermophilic Campylobacter is highly recommended

Characterisation of S. aureus/MRSA CC1153 and review of mobile genetic elements carrying the fusidic acid resistance gene fusC

While many data on molecular epidemiology of MRSA are available for North America, Western Europe and Australia, much less is known on the distribution of MRSA clones elsewhere. Here, we describe a poorly known lineage from the Middle East, CC1153, to which several strains from humans and livestock belong. Isolates were characterised using DNA microarrays and one isolate from the United Arab Emirates was sequenced using Nanopore technology. CC1153 carries agr II and capsule type 5 genes. Enterotoxin genes are rarely present, but PVL is common. Associated spa types include t504, t903 and t13507. PVL-positive CC1153-MSSA were found in Egyptian cattle suffering from mastitis. It was also identified among humans with skin and soft tissue infections in Saudi Arabia, France and Germany. CC1153-MRSA were mainly observed in Arabian Gulf countries. Some isolates presented with a previously unknown SCCmec/SCCfus chimeric element in which a mec B complex was found together with the fusidic acid resistance gene fusC and accompanying genes including ccrA/B-1 recombinase genes. Other isolates carried SCCmec V elements that usually also included fusC. Distribution and emergence of CC1153-MRSA show the necessity of molecular characterization of MRSA that are resistant to fusidic acid. These strains pose a public health threat as they combine resistance to beta-lactams used in hospitals as well as to fusidic acid used in the community. Because of the high prevalence of fusC-positive MRSA in the Middle East, sequences and descriptions of SCC elements harbouring fusC and/or mecA are reviewed. When comparing fusC and its surrounding regions from the CC1153 strain to available published sequences, it became obvious that there are four fusC alleles and five distinct types of fusC gene complexes reminiscent to the mec complexes in SCCmec elements. Likewise, they are associated with different sets of ccrA/B recombinase genes and additional payload that might include entire mec complexes or SCCmec elements