Humic acid from Shilajit – a physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization

Shilajit is a blackish–brown exudation, consisting of organic substances, metal ions and minerals, from different formations, commonly found in the Himalayan region (1000–3000 m) from Nepal to Kashmir. Shilajit can also be collected throughout the mountain regions in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Bajkal, throughout Ural, Caucasus and Altai mountains also, at altitudes between 1000 to 5000 m. The major physiological action of shilajit has been attributed to the presence of bioactive dibenzo-α-pyrones together with humic and fulvic acids, which act as carrier molecules for the active ingredients. In this work, the aim was to extract humic acid from Shilajit from various sources and characterised these humic acids based on their physicochemical properties, elemental analysis, UV/Vis and FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern and DSC thermograms. The spectral features obtained from UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD and DSC studies for samples of different origins showed a distinct similarity amongst themselves and in comparison to soil humic acids. The surfactant properties of the extracted fulvic acids were investigated by determining the effect of increasing concentration on the surface tension of water. The study demonstrated that humic acids extracted from shilajit indeed possessed surfactant properties

Extraction of protein from food waste: An overview of current status and opportunities

The chief intent of this review is to explain the different extraction techniques and efficiencies for the recovery of protein from food waste (FW) sources. Although FW is not a new concept, increasing concerns about chronic hunger, nutritional deficiency, food security, and sustainability have intensified attention on alternative and sustainable sources of protein for food and feed. Initiatives to extract and utilize protein from FW on a commercial scale have been undertaken, mainly in the developed countries, but they remain largely underutilized and generally suited for low-quality products. The current analysis reveals the extraction of protein from FW is a many-sided (complex) issue, and that identifies for a stronger and extensive integration of diverse extraction perspectives, focusing on nutritional quality, yield, and functionality of the isolated protein as a valued recycled ingredient

EVALUASI KUALITAS BEBERAPA GENOTIPE BAYAM (Amaranthus sp) PADA PENANAMAN DI JAWA BARAT

Spinach is one of leafy vegetables species that contain lots of vitamins and minerals. This study aims to examine the quality of several genotypes of spinach grown at two highland sites of West Java (Cipanas and Lembang).This experiment was conducted using Split Plot design,with five lines and five replications. Three genotype were tested, namely B1 = By16 , B2 = By18 , and B3 = By21, as well as two commercial varieties on the market spinach (B4 = red Giti , B5 = Kusuma).Measurements included physical parameters (length and width of leaves,stem diameter, texture, and color) and chemical parameters (water content, vitamin C, and fiber). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Physiology Vegetable Research Institute, Lembang from March to September 2012.The results showed that the content of vitamin C and fiber in genotype B1 and B2 were not significantly different from the control genotype.Similarly, the results of measurements of the length and width parameters of the leaves on all the tested genotype was not significantly different from the control genotype. Average length and width leaves of the genotype tested in Cipanas significantly higher than those tested in Lembang. Spinach has a shelf life of 1 day at room temperature in the storage area of Lembang ( 21±2°C and 85% RH )

Formulacija i evaluacija monolitnih matriksnih polimernih filmova za transdermalnu isporuku nitrendipina

The objective of the present work was to develop a suitable transdermal drug delivery system for nitrendipine. Polymeric films of nitrendipine were prepared by the film casting technique (glass ring) on mercury substrate. They were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation (heat separated human epidermis). Release of the drug from the films followed anomalous transport (0.5 < n < 1). Polymeric combination containing Eudragit RL 100:PVP K 30 in 4:6 ratio showed the best results. Maximum drug release and skin permeability coefficient in 48 h were 85.8 % and 0.0142 cm h-1, respectively, in formulation C3 (Eudragit RL 100: Plasdone S 630; 4:6) and 88.0 % and 0.0155 cm h-1, respectively, in formulation D3 (Eudragit RL 100: PVP K 30; 4:6). FTIR and TLC studies indicated no drug and polymer interaction.Cilj rada bio je razvoj transdermalnog sustava nitrendipina. Polimerni filmovi nitrendipina pripravljeni su metodom lijevanja (stakleni prsten) na podlozi od žive. Ispitivani su fizičkokemijski parametri, in vitro oslobađanje i ex vivo permeacija (toplinom odvojena humana epiderma). Oslobađanje lijeka iz filmova slijedilo je anomalni transport (0,5 < n < 1). Najbolji rezultati postignuti su kombinacijom polimera Eudragit RL 100 i PVP K 30 u omjeru 4:6. Maksimalno oslobađanje ljekovite tvari i najbolji koeficijent permeacije kroz kožu tijekom 48 h bio je 85,8 %, odnosno 0,0142 cm h1 za formulaciju C3 (Eudragit RL 100 : Plasdone S 630; 4:6) i 88,0 %, odnosno 0,0155 cm h1 za formulaciju D3 (Eudragit RL 100 : PVP K 30; 4:6). FTIR i TLC ukazuju na to da nema interakcije između ljekovite tvari i polimera

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Electron-Impact Total Ionization Cross Sections of CH and C\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eH\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e

Electron-impact total ionization cross sections for the CH radical and C2H2 (acetylene) have been calculated using the Binary-Encounter-Bethe (BEB) model. The BEB model combines the Mott cross section and the asymptotic form of the Bethe theory, and has been shown to generate reliable ionization cross sections for a large variety of molecules. The BEB cross sections for CH and C2H2 are in good agreement with the available experimental data from ionization thresholds to hundreds of eV in incident energies