5 research outputs found
The Ever-Growing GAP: Without Change, African-American and Latino Families Won't Match White Wealth for Centuries
This report examines the growing racial wealth divide for Black and Latinos households and the ways that accelerating concentrations of wealth at the top compound and exacerbate this divide. We look at trends in wealth accumulation from 1983 to 2013, as well as projections of what the next thirty years might bring. We also consider the impact public policy has had in contributing to the racial wealth divide and how new policies can close this gap
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ (Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ)
Acromegaly is a neuroendocrine disease that occurs as a result of chronic secretion of abnormally high levels of Growth Hormone (GH), which leads to an increase in production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). In most cases, acromegaly is caused by GH-secreting adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland. Hypersecretion of GH and IGF-1 leads to a multisystem disease characterized by a change in the patientβs appearance and multiple comorbid (concomitant) complications. The main complications of acromegaly are cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms. 40 % of patients have a mutation in the Ξ±-subunit of the G-stimulatory protein. It is believed that a somatic mutation in the Ξ±-subunit of the receptor G-stimulatory protein (Gsp-oncogene) leads to a constant activation of adenylate cyclase structure with accumulation of cAMP in somatotrophs, which causes proliferation of tumor cells with hyperproduction of growth hormone. The annual incidence is 3-4 cases per million population. Mortality in acromegaly is higher by a factor of 2 or 3 than in the population. Because of its insidious and slow development of clinical manifestations, acromegaly often remains undetected for many years. In addition, due to the late diagnosis of acromegaly most of the patients at the time of diagnosis have macroadenomas. The immediate treatment is necessary for most patients with acromegaly. The overall goal of treatment for patients with acromegaly is to achieve normalization of the IGF-1 level in the blood, since this leads to a decrease in mortality to the population level. Currently, three main methods (surgical, radiation and pharmaceutical) are used for treatment. One of the most effective and fastest ways to achieve remission of acromegaly is surgical pituitary adenomectomy.ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡ - Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° (Π‘Π’Π), ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°-1 (ΠΠ Π€-1). Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π‘Π’Π-ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π‘Π’Π ΠΈ ΠΠ Π€-1 ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ (ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ) ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ 40 % ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Ξ±-ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Gsp-Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Ξ±-ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Gsp-Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° (GsΡ-ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π°) ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π·Ρ Ρ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΠΠ€ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 3-4 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π² 2-3 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ - Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΠ Π€-1 Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ). ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°
Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities:levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents
Atmospheric concentration of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured on diurnal basis by active air sampling during Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in seven major cities from the northern (New Delhi and Agra), eastern (Kolkata), western (Mumbai and Goa) and southern (Chennai and Bangalore) parts of India. Average concentration of Ξ£25PCBs in the Indian atmosphere was 4460 (Β±2200) pg/mβ3 with a dominance of congeners with 4β7 chlorine atoms. Model results (HYSPLIT, FLEXPART) indicate that the source areas are likely confined to local or regional proximity. Results from the FLEXPART model show that existing emission inventories cannot explain the high concentrations observed for PCB-28. Electronic waste, ship breaking activities and dumped solid waste are attributed as the possible sources of PCBs in India. Ξ£25PCB concentrations for each city showed significant linear correlation with Toxicity equivalence (TEQ) and Neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) values