Evaluación de la percepción de las actividades de entrenamiento en futbolistas

65 p.El presente trabajo de fin de grado se enmarca dentro de la psicología del rendimiento deportivo, y más concretamente en la teoría del rendimiento experto y teoría de la práctica deliberada, la cual propone la necesidad de un tiempo extenso de adquisición con la finalidad de mejorar para llegar a ser experto en un campo de acción. En este estudio se construyó un cuestionario de las percepciones subjetivas de las tareas de entrenamiento en futbolistas. Este cuestionario esta validado por el método de expertos, y posee una fiabilidad con coeficientes de consistencia interna superiores a 0.86 en las escalas parciales y a 0.96 en la puntuación total del instrumento. La muestra se compone de 105 futbolistas (85 hombres y 20 mujeres), de categorías cadete, juvenil y senior, y niveles de rendimiento autonómico, nacional e internacional. El rango de edad de los participantes se encuentra entre los 14 y 35 años, con una media de 19,90 años (DT=3,995), con una edad de inicio de práctica deliberada de los 4 a las 24 años, con media de 8,18 años (DT=3,945) y años de entrenamiento deliberado, desde 1 a 24 años, y con una media de 11,7 (DT=4,71297). La muestra se tomó para estudio de forma global, así como agrupada por sexo y nivel de rendimiento. A través de la investigación llevada a cabo, se observa la presencia de una valoración mayor, en cuanto a la dimensión de concentración, en los hombres que en mujeres. La percepción de disfrute es menor a nivel de rendimiento internacional. Las actividades de entrenamiento más cercanas a la competición son consideras relevantes, requieren concentración, son divertidas (algo que no ocurre con otras actividades consideradas relevantes) y necesitan de un gran esfuerzo. Además, se encuentra una relación directa y significativa en cuanto a la edad y años de entrenamiento deliberado con el esfuerzo percibido.This report (TFG) is framed within the psychology of the sportive performance, in particular in the theory of deliberate expert performance that proposes the need of a long time of acquisition, with the goal of improve to become an expert in a particular field. This project includes a survey of the subjective perception in the football players training tasks, with validation by the experts method, and it also has a reliability with inside consistency coefficients higher than 0,86 in an average scale and 0,96 in the total score of the instrument. The sample is composed of 105 football players (men and women), from four different ages categories, cadet, juvenile and senior, and different performance level, regional, national and international. The ages of the participants are between 14 and 35, with an average of 19.90 years old (DT=3,995), with a start age between four and 24 with an average of 8.18 years old (DT=3,945), and training years between one and 24 years, with an average of 11,7 (DT=4,71297). The sample was taken globally for the study, as well as gathered by sex and performance level. Throughout this study, it is observable the presence of a major assessment, so as to the concentration dimension, in men than in women. The enjoying perception is lower at an international level performance. The entertainment activities close to competition are considered relevant, they require concentration, they are enjoyable (this do not occur with other activities considered relevant) and they need a great effort. Furthermore, there is a direct and meaningful link between the age and years of deliberate training, and the perceived effort. The participants are divided in groups, attending to gender and level of players. It is showed how there are differences between the four study fields, depending of level and gender, as there are also differences between the efficiency of the players and the time of training, and between the evaluation of the different training activities depending of the proximity of the competition.Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Conditional analysis of elite beach handball according to specific playing position through assessment with GPS

30 p.Beach handball needs to continue to develop. For this reason, observational studies that analyse competitive demands are necessary. Therefore, our objective in this work was to carry out performance assessment of the beach handball players regarding specific playing positions during competition, without modifying the specific structure of the game. The study included 57 elite beach handball players. The results showed that significant differences were found in most of the variables studied when the specific playing positions were compared. Our work has led us to conclude that the assessment of the conditional demands of beach handball players in competition must be done considering the specific playing positions

Structure of the training program during the COVID-19 confinement in spanish professional football, a coach survey

COVID-19 has produced an exceptional situation for sport due to confinement and restrictions. The usual training programs and competition have been interrupted in world football, requiring an adaptation of training to the new situation. Objectives To describe and analyze the training programs carried out during the COVID-19 forced confinement in mens professional football in Spain. Methods Observational Study based on a telematic ad-hoc questionnaire developed to meet the objective of the study. The sample consisted of thirty-six coaches representing thirty-six professional men?s soccer teams in the Spanish first and second division. Results Training programs developed during confinement prioritized conditioning and functional emphasis, in addition to general and nonspecific resistance training, due to contextual limitations. Conclusion The structure of training during the COVID-19 confinement was limited by contextual circumstances. This study has made possible to record the training and strategies used in professional football during a confinement due to a worldwide state of alarm, with the aim of resuming competitive activity in the best possible conditions

Análisis de los calentamientos pre-competitivos en fútbol amateur y semiprofesional

The competition warm-up is essential in the activation and preparation of the athlete. An adequate warm-up is observed to promote the athlete's performance and reduce the incidence of injuries during football competition. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the precompetitive warm-ups of various categories of Spanish semi-professional and amateur soccer, as well as their relationship with performance in competition. In addition, the effect on performance of the warm-up protocols developed during the game's break time was analyzed. Observational study developed through analysis of GPS variables. The results of the study show the conditional requirements of the competition warm-ups depending on the level of performance and demarcation. In addition, the relationship between the conditional requirements of the warm-ups and the first minutes of the competition can be observed. On the other hand, the incidence of rewarm-up is observed in the first minutes of the second half of the game. Warm-ups are an essential element in performance and prevention of sports injuries, especially during the first minutes of the competition. The rewarm-up in the second half of the game can be an interesting resource if it is carried out with enough time and an adequate intervention methodology.El calentamiento de competición es esencial en la activación y preparación del deportista. Un adecuado calentamiento para favorecer el rendimiento del deportista y reducir la incidencia de lesiones durante la competición en fútbol.  El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar los calentamientos precompetitivos de diversas categorías del fútbol semiprofesional y amateur español, así como su relación con el rendimiento en la competición. Además, se analizó el efecto sobre el rendimiento de los protocolos de recalentamiento desarrollados durante el tiempo de descanso del partido. Estudio observacional desarrollado mediante análisis de variables GPS. Los resultados del estudio muestran los requerimientos condicionales de los calentamientos de competición en función del nivel de rendimiento y demarcación. Además, se puede observar la relación entre los requerimientos condicionales de los calentamientos y los primeros minutos de la competición. Por otro lado, se observa la incidencia del recalentamiento en los primeros minutos de la segunda parte del partido. Los calentamientos son un elemento esencial en el rendimiento y prevención de lesiones deportivas, sobre todo, durante los primeros minutos de la competición. El recalentamiento en la segunda parte del partido puede ser un recurso interesante si se realiza con tiempo suficiente y una adecuada metodología de intervención

Impact of a Serious Game (#RedPingüiNO) to Reduce Facial Self-Touches and Prevent Exposure to Pathogens Transmitted via Hands: Quasi-Experimental Intervention

Background: After the COVID-19 pandemic, society has become more aware of the importance of some basic hygienic habits to avoid exposure to pathogens transmitted via hands. Given that a high frequency of touching mucous membranes can lead to a high risk of infection, it is essential to establish strategies to reduce this behavior as a preventive measure against contagion. This risk can be extrapolated to a multitude of health scenarios and transmission of many infectious diseases. #RedPingüiNO was designed as an intervention to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens through the reduction of facial self-touches by thoughtfully engaging participants in a serious game. Objective: Facial self-touches should be understood as behaviors of limited control and awareness, used to regulate situations of cognitive and emotional demands, or as part of nonverbal communication. The objective of this study was to ensure that participants become aware of and reduce these behaviors through a game of self-perception. Methods: The quasi-experimental intervention was applied to 103 healthy university students selected by convenience sampling and put into practice for 2 weeks, with 1 control group (n=24, 23.3%) and 2 experimental groups (experimental group with no additional social reinforcement interventions: n=36, 35%; experimental group with additional social reinforcement interventions: n=43, 41.7%). The objective was to improve knowledge and perception and reduce facial self-touches to prevent exposure to pathogens transmitted via hands not only in health multihazard scenarios but also in ordinary circumstances. The ad hoc instrument used to analyze the experience consisted of 43 items and was valid and reliable for the purpose of this study. The items were divided into 5 blocks extracted from the theoretical framework: sociological issues (1-5); hygiene habits (6-13); risk awareness (14-19); strategies for not touching the face (20-26); and questions after the intervention (27-42), designed as a postintervention tool assessing the game experience. Validation of the content was achieved through assessment by 12 expert referees. External validation was performed using a test-retest procedure, and reliability was verified using the Spearman correlation. Results: The results of the ad hoc questionnaire, which were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and McNemar index to identify significant differences between test and retest for a 95% CI, showed that facial self-touches were reduced (item 20, P<.001; item 26, P=.04), and awareness of this spontaneous behavior and its triggers increased (item 15; P=.007). The results were reinforced by qualitative findings from the daily logs. Conclusions: The intervention exhibited a greater effect from sharing the game, with interactions between people; however, in both cases, it was helpful in reducing facial self-touches. In summary, this game is suitable for reducing facial self-touches, and owing to its free availability and design, it can be adapted to various contexts.Este proyecto obtuvo un diploma de reconocimiento de la Universidad de Alcalá, una distinción por su contribución a paliar la situación provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19

Effects of two exercise programmes on joint position sense, dynamic balance and countermovement jump in male amateur football players. A randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: The injury prevention and warm-up exercises programmes improve physical performance and injury ratio, but it is poorly investigated in amateur football. Objectives: To assess the effects of two warm-up multi-station programmes (IAI-Programme and FIFA11+) through JPS, LSDT and CMJ. Study design: Randomised controlled trial. Methods: 36 football players were randomised into 2 groups: IAI-Programme (n = 18) and FIFA11+ (n = 18) and performed the intervention protocol for 6 weeks. JPS, LSDT and CMJ were measured at baseline, after 6, 10 and 18 weeks (from baseline). The inter-group and intra-group differences were assessed by repeated-measures analysis of variance test (ANOVA). Results: Significant differences between groups were found after 18 weeks in the absolute angular error (-2.18[-4.33,-0.047], d = 0.69, p < 0.05) of the JPS and in the CMJ (p = 0.001, ?2p=,0.298) in favour of IAI-Programme when compared to FIFA11 +. No significant differences between groups were found in the LSDT. There were also intra-group differences observed in the LSDT in both groups. Conclusions: IAI-Programme can provide sensitive benefits with respect to the proprioceptive ability of knee flexion and CMJ than FIFA11 +. Both IAI-Programme and FIFA11+ present improvements in the dynamic postural control measured by the LSDT

Workloads of Different Soccer-Specific Drills in Professional Players

Soccer is a predominantly tactical sport and, therefore, tactical training has become the most widely used strategy to improve players&apos; performance. The objective of the present study was to assess the workload of soccer-specific drills in professional players over a two-season period in an established context. GPS technology was used to record the data. One hundred and thirty-two (n = 132) soccer-specific drills were studied and grouped by categories. The individual demands of each task were related to the individual competitive profile of each player. The level of physical demand was significantly different in relation to the specific soccer drills analysed. Total distance covered, high-speed running, and the total number of high accelerations and decelerations were significantly higher in competition than in drills used for training sessions (p < .001). The Large-Sided Games (LSG), Big-Position Games (BPG) and Position Games (PG) showed higher maximum running speed values than the rest of the exercises (p < .01). The sum of high accelerations and decelerations values was greater in the Small-Sided Games (SSG) than in BPG (p < .001), Small-Position Games (SPG) (p < .001) and Physical-Technical Circuits (PTC) (p < .001). Significant differences were observed in the exercises analysed according to the player?s position. The current findings provide a detailed description of conditional demands placed on soccer players in different soccer-specific drills during training sessions, in a professional soccer context and according to their playing position, which may be helpful in the development of individualized training programs in other contexts

Entrenamiento mediante sprints repetidos en futbolistas: Efectos sobre la capacidad de repetir sprint, salto y tiempo de reacción

Repeated sprint training appears to be an efficient strategy for the simultaneous development of different fitness components in intermittent sport. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of implement training with repeated sprint training on repeated sprint ability (RSA), reaction time in fatigue condition and jump height. Twenty-seven young soccer players (age 17.7 ± 0.7 years) were assigned to intervention group (GER, n = 14) and control group (GC, n = 13). Both groups perform over four weeks the identical training program with the objective that the previous training did not condition the results and later, GER implement the habitual training with specific intervention (habitual training plus 3 weekly sessions, 2 sets of 8 repetitions on 10-30 meters at maximum intensity) and GC continue with habitual training over the last four weeks of the competitive period. Repeated sprint training not shown significant improvement in mean time (TE = -0.17, Possible Trivial) and decrement (TE = -0.11, unclear) obtained in an RSA test, nor in the difference between the reaction time of sprint 1 and 8 of an RSA test before and after the intervention (TE = 0.27; Clear). The implementation of the habitual training by RST at the end of the competitive season has not shown significant positive effects in the RSA nor in the reaction time in young players.El entrenamiento de sprint repetidos parece ser una estrategia eficiente para el desarrollo simultáneo de diferentes componentes de la condición física en deportes intermitentes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos de suplementar el entrenamiento habitual, mediante un entrenamiento basado en sprint repetidos, sobre la capacidad de repetir sprints (RSA), el tiempo de reacción en situación de fatiga y la capacidad de salto. Para ello veintisiete jóvenes futbolistas (edad 17.7 ± 0.7 años) fueron divididos en dos grupos y asignados a un grupo de entrenamiento (GER, n = 14) y a un grupo control (GC, n = 13). Ambos grupos realizaron cuatro semanas de idéntico entrenamiento, para posteriormente realizar cuatro semanas de la intervención específica GER (entrenamiento habitual más 3 sesiones semanales realizando 2 series de 8 repeticiones sobre 10-30 metros a la máxima intensidad) y continuar con el entrenamiento habitual GC durante las 4 últimas semanas de la temporada. No se mostraron efectos significativos en la mejora del tiempo medio (TE = -0.17; Posible Trivial) y el decrecimiento (TE = -0.11; poco claro) del test RSA, ni en la diferencia entre el tiempo de reacción del sprint 1 y 8 de un test RSA antes y después de la intervención (TE = 0.27; poco claro) median-te sprint repetidos. La suplementación del entrenamiento mediante sprint repetidos al final del macrociclo competitivo no mostró efectos significativos en la mejora del RSA ni en el tiempo de reacción en jóvenes futbolistas.Actividad Física y Deport

Dolor inguinal en el fútbol. Factores de riesgo y estrategias metodológicas de intervención: prevención, rehabilitación y readaptación físico-deportiva. Revisión bibliográfica

The groin pain referred to sports is a very complex pathology, so it essential to know the injury in depth to be able to perform an appropriate intervention, determining the most important elements which are necessary to develop on a preventive plan or recovery / physical-sport rehabilitation, having in consideration the complexity and the individualization of each case of the pathology. In this study, a review is made of the different risk factors of groin pain in soccer and of the methodological proposals for intervention in prevention, recovery and physical-sport rehabilitation, determining fundamental bases in the approach to groin pain referred to sport of soccer.El dolor inguinal referido al deporte es una patología muy compleja, por ello es fundamental conocer la lesión en profundidad para poder realizar una intervención adecuada, determinando los elementos necesarios para desarrollar un plan preventivo o recuperación / re-adaptación físico-deportiva, teniendo en cuenta la complejidad y la individualización de la patología. En este estudio se realiza una revisión de los diferentes factores de riesgo de dolor inguinal en fútbol y de las propuestas metodológicas de intervención en prevención, recuperación y readaptación físico-deportiva, determinando unas bases fundamentales en el abordaje del dolor inguinal referido al deporte en fútbol.Actividad Física y Deport

Training habits in professional soccer players during COVID -19 confinement

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented situation, forcing governments to take urgent measures and confine the population. These measures have also affected sports. Soccer competitions and training sessions were interrupted worldwide, causing the need to adapt training sessions to the new situation. The objective of this study is to observe and analyse training habits carried out during the COVID-19 confinement by Spanish professional soccer players of both sexes. An observational study was based on an ad-hoc telematic questionnaire during the COVID-19 state of alarm in Spain. The results showed that strength and conditioning training was of great importance in the training habits developed during the COVID-19 confinement, fundamentally that of strength and endurance capacities. Specificity was low as conditional capabilities were affected by contextual limitations. The findings of this study yielded very useful information related to the training habits of professional soccer players of both sexes and offered an unpublished reference database that could be used to address training planning at specific periods of the year (transition, vacations, emergencies, ...), with the aim of resuming competitive activity in the best conditions