Some Studies on the Effect of Different Storage Temperatures Upon the Fat Constants and Acidity of Print Creamery Butter

The observation of butter under different storage temperatures is interesting because of its practical bearing upon the factory phase of the dairy industry. Admittedly butter must be stored. It is consumer steadily. It is produced in varying quantities. It is a perishable product. Economic conditions have created the butte store house whereby uneven supplies may be more evenly distributed. Under all practical storage conditions butter deteriorates. Chemical changes occur, more or less pronounced, injuring the quality and thereby affecting the market value. One of the chief constituents which under goes noticeable chemical change is the fat, which is over 80% of the weight of ordinary creamery butter. Because of its complexity this constituent presents some difficulty to the analyst, with accompanying diversity of results under almost identical working conditions. This thesis is a report of work on the fat from butter under three different storage temperatures. Three lots of one pound prints, live in each lot, were taken from the same churning for use in this experiment. The butter was made from pasteurized and ripened cream, under ordinary creamery conditions. After being packed in a ninety pound Friday press the prints for this experiment were taken at random

The Performers Alliance: Conflict and change within the Screen Actors Guild

This paper takes an historical critical research perspective on rapid change within one of the highest profile unions in the world, the Screen Actors Guild and in particular the emergence of a political force that identified itself as The Performers Alliance. The author was a member of the National Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild; Parallels were found in the development of SAG through various stages of its history. Rhetorical analysis sheds light on the development of the Guild as a social movement and of The Performers Alliance as a dissident movement within the union itself. An argument is made that the Performers Alliance may be a successful social movement within the larger format of the Screen Actors Guild; Questions arise as to whether unions will survive, how the nature of the working union member may evolve and shifts in the nature of the employer-employee relationship itself

Dynamics of the "Divestment-Investment" Process: An Investigation of the Process of Adaptation Occurring in the Ecological Transition of Leaving Home to Live at College

The overall focus of this study was to investigate the initial adaptation process to college. The adaptation process was viewed as embedded within the ecological transition of leaving home to live at college. The primary psychosocial tasks which provided the process criterion for adaptation were contained in the "divestment-investment" process. The study was divided into 2 phases which used a cross-sectional design. The major hypotheses of Phase I predicted a relationship between perceived adjustment and perceived family characteristics, as well as between perceived adjustment and separation feelings. For Phase II the hypotheses predicted a relationship between perceived adjustment and four adaptation criterion variables: information processing, autonomy, motivation, self-esteem. The Ss for Phase I of the study consisted of 105 male freshmen from Columbia College and the School of Engineering. The Ss were administered the Bell Adjustment Inventory which determined perceived adjustment; the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scale which enabled assessment of perceived family cohesion and perceived family adaptation; a Separation scale which yielded scores on separation affect; and a demographic questionnaire which measured environmental variables. In Phase II, adjustment scores derived from Phase I were compared with the four adaptation criterion variables. The four criterion variables for adaptation were determined by four judges using a content analysis of taped interviews with Ss from a subgroup (N = 30) of the sample population. A multivariate analysis of variance, Eta and Oneway analyses were used to obtain results from the data of Phase I. A univariate analysis of variance, and Eta analysis were used to analyze Phase II data. The major findings of Phase I were that relationships were found to exist between the Perceived Family Cohesion scores and the perceived adjustment scores, as well as between Perceived Family Cohesion scores and the Separation scores. The major findings of Phase II were that relationships were found to exist between the adaptation criterion variables of Motivation, Autonomy, and Self-esteem on the 3 Bell Adjustment groups for the two content areas of separation issues, and academic issues. On the basis of the information which this exploratory study has provided, it seems reasonable to suggest that the individual's perceived level of family cohesion was instrumental in his initial adaptation to college

Model Cities: Liberal Myths and Federal Interventionist Programs

All federal community development efforts undertaken in the past twenty years have been based on a related series of liberal myths about the nature of social change. In succession, each program-from slum clearance to community action-has purported to seek to reform the intergovernmental system by intervening at some crucial point without supplying the resources to change it fundamentally. Model Cities is the most recent in this series of programs, and its history illustrates the scope and limits of the liberal interventionist approach

Underwater acoustics research at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1930-1960

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 23 (2016): 070013, doi:10.1121/2.0000214.The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) was founded in 1930, and throughout its history has had a strong involvement in research into the science and applications of sound in the ocean. In terms of a brief history, three eras stand out: (1) pre-WWII, (2) WWII, and (3) the postwar years. This manuscript will focus on the history of the most influential and colorful, individuals and stories that arose during the war years. Provided are personal reminiscences, technical report details, and photos illustrating the achievements, and importance, in underwater sound research at WHOI during that time.This work was supported by ONR Grant N00014-14-1-0040/N00014-16-1-2361

The management of technological innovation in the hotel industry: a critical literature review.

This paper takes the form of a critical review of literature on technological innovation in the hotel industry. It aims to develop fuller understanding of the nature of the managerial capabilities which underpin effective implementation and development of technological innovation in the industry context. The review undertaken has been informed by key national and international tourism and enterprise development strategy documents (The Bacon Report, 2009; The National Development Plan, 2007; Failte Ireland, 2005; Tourism Policy Review Group, 2003). Collectively, these reports show that existing CRM capability knowledge is substantially inadequate, leading to a negative impact on business performance and a short-fall in the availability of appropriately crafted solutions to meet the industry’s future challenges. This study’s focus is on the customer-relating capability of key stakeholders which has been identified in the literature as a key business success driver (Day, 2003)

Characterisation of the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Resistance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis

Background and Objective: The rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is the principal driving force underpinning the muscular adaptive response to resistance exercise (RE). This study aims to consolidate the literature, characterise MPS response to RE, and assess the impact of key covariates. Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Sport Discus, and Cochrane Library) were searched for controlled trials that assessed the MPS response to RE in healthy, adult humans, postabsorptive state. Individual study and random-effects meta-analysis arewere used to inform the effects of RE and covariates on MPS. Results from 79 controlled trials with 237 participants were analysed. Results: Analysis of the pooled effects revealed robust increases in MPS following RE (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.032% h−1, 95% CI: [0.024, 0.041] % h−1, I2 = 92%, k = 37, P<0.001). However, the magnitude of the increase in MPS was lower in older adults (>50 y: WMD: 0.015% h−1, 95% CI: [0.007, 0.022] % h−1, I2 = 76%, k = 12, P=0.002) compared to younger adults (<35 y: WMD: 0.041% h−1, 95% CI: [0.030, 0.052] % h−1, I2 = 88%, k = 25, P<0.001). Individual studies have reported that the temporal proximity of the RE, muscle group, muscle protein fraction, RE training experience, and the loading parameters of the RE (i.e., intensity, workload, and effort) appeared to affect the MPS response to RE, whereas sex or type of muscle contraction does not. Conclusion: A single bout of RE can sustain measurable increases in postabsorptive MPS soon after RE cessation and up to 48 h post-RE. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and time course of the MPS response between trials, which appears to be influenced by participants’ age and/or the loading parameters of the RE itself.Funder: Marigot Ltd; FundRef: https://doi.org/10.13039/10.13039/501100000821; Grant(s): IP_2019_087

Acoustic ducting, reflection, refraction, and dispersion by curved nonlinear internal waves in shallow water

Author Posting. © IEEE, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 35 (2010): 12-27, doi:10.1109/JOE.2009.2038512.Nonlinear internal waves in shallow water have been shown to be effective ducts of acoustic energy, through theory, numerical modeling, and experiment. To date, most work on such ducting has concentrated on rectilinear internal wave ducts or those with very slight curvature. In this paper, we examine the acoustic effects of significant curvature of these internal waves. (By significant curvature, we mean lateral deviation of the internal wave duct by more than half the spacing between internal waves over an acoustic path, giving a transition from ducting to antiducting.) We develop basic analytical models of these effects, employ fully 3-D numerical models of sound propagation and scattering, and examine simultaneous acoustical and oceanographic data from the 2006 Shallow Water Experiment (SW06). It will be seen that the effects of curvature should be evident in the mode amplitudes and arrival angles, and that observations are consistent with curvature, though with some possible ambiguity with other scattering mechanisms.This work was supported by E. Livingston and T. Pawluskiewicz of the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grant N00014–04-1–0146 and the ONR postdoctoral fellowship award Grant N00014-08-1-0204

Towards Automated Circuit Discovery for Mechanistic Interpretability

Recent work in mechanistic interpretability has reverse-engineered nontrivial behaviors of transformer models. These contributions required considerable effort and researcher intuition, which makes it difficult to apply the same methods to understand the complex behavior that current models display. At their core however, the workflow for these discoveries is surprisingly similar. Researchers create a data set and metric that elicit the desired model behavior, subdivide the network into appropriate abstract units, replace activations of those units to identify which are involved in the behavior, and then interpret the functions that these units implement. By varying the data set, metric, and units under investigation, researchers can understand the functionality of each neural network region and the circuits they compose. This work proposes a novel algorithm, Automatic Circuit DisCovery (ACDC), to automate the identification of the important units in the network. Given a model's computational graph, ACDC finds subgraphs that explain a behavior of the model. ACDC was able to reproduce a previously identified circuit for Python docstrings in a small transformer, identifying 6/7 important attention heads that compose up to 3 layers deep, while including 91% fewer the connections

High-frequency side-scan sonar fish reconnaissance by autonomous underwater vehicles

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of NRC Research Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74 (2017): 240-255, doi:10.1139/cjfas-2015-0301.A dichotomy between depth penetration and resolution as a function of sonar frequency, draw resolution, and beam spread challenges fish target classification from sonar. Moving high-frequency sources to depth using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) mitigates this and also co-locates transducers with other AUV-mounted short-range sensors to allow a holistic approach to ecological surveys. This widely available tool with a pedigree for bottom mapping is not commonly applied to fish reconnaissance and requires the development of an interpretation of pelagic reflective features, revisitation of count methods, image-processing rather than wave-form recognition for automation, and an understanding of bias. In a series of AUV mission test cases, side-scan sonar (600 and 900 kHz) returns often resolved individual school members, spacing, size, behavior, and (infrequently) species from anatomical features and could be intuitively classified by ecologists — but also produced artifacts. Fish often followed the AUV and thus were videographed, but in doing so removed themselves from the sonar aperture. AUV-supported high-frequency side-scan holds particular promise for survey of scarce, large species or for synergistic investigation of predators and their prey because the spatial scale of observations may be similar to those of predators.AUV missions were funded by an Office of Naval Research grant to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Rutgers University. The field work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under grant N00014-11-1-0160