4 research outputs found
Attribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects
Observations show snowpack has declined across much of the western United States over the period 1950â99. This reduction has important social and economic implications, as water retained in the snowpack from winter storms forms an important part of the hydrological cycle and water supply in the region. A formal model-based detection and attribution (DâA) study of these reductions is performed. The detection variable is the ratio of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) to water-year-to-date precipitation (P), chosen to reduce the effect of P variability on the results. Estimates of natural internal climate variability are obtained from 1600 years of two control simulations performed with fully coupled oceanâatmosphere climate models. Estimates of the SWE/P response to anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and some aerosols are taken from multiple-member ensembles of perturbation experiments run with two models. The DâA shows the observations and anthropogenically forced models have greater SWE/P reductions than can be explained by natural internal climate variability alone. Model-estimated effects of changes in solar and volcanic forcing likewise do not explain the SWE/P reductions. The mean model estimate is that about half of the SWE/P reductions observed in the west from 1950 to 1999 are the result of climate changes forced by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols.Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory///Estados UnidosScripps Institution of Oceanography//SIO/Estados UnidosMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology///JapĂłnCalifornia Energy Commission///Estados UnidosProgram of Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison/[DOE-W-7405-ENG-48]/PCMDI/Estados UnidosUCR::VicerrectorĂa de InvestigaciĂłn::Unidades de InvestigaciĂłn::Ciencias BĂĄsicas::Centro de Investigaciones GeofĂsicas (CIGEFI
Priming for welfare: gut microbiota is associated with equitation conditions and behavior in horse athletes
We simultaneously measured the fecal microbiota and multiple environmental and host-related variables in a cohort of 185 healthy horses reared in similar conditions during a period of eight months. The pattern of rare bacteria varied from host to host and was largely different between two time points. Among a suite of variables examined, equitation factors were highly associated with the gut microbiota variability, evoking a relationship between gut microbiota and high levels of physical and mental stressors. Behavioral indicators that pointed toward a compromised welfare state (e.g. stereotypies, hypervigilance and aggressiveness) were also associated with the gut microbiota, reinforcing the notion for the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These observations were consistent with the microbiability of behaviour traits (> 15%), illustrating the importance of gut microbial composition to animal behaviour. As more elite athletes suffer from stress, targeting the microbiota offers a new opportunity to investigate the bidirectional interactions within the brain gut microbiota axis.H2020 Marie SkĆodowska-Curie Action