The Impact of First Language on the Use of English Diphthongs of Pakistani Multilingual Females

This research elaborates on the production of diphthongs in Pakistani multilingual females and how vowels are used by Pakistani multilingual females. The research type is positivistic and objective. Results are collected only from females because there could be pitch variations between females and males. Both male and female speakers articulated the diphthongs in a singular manner. Both have articulated three central diphthongs, and three closing diphthongs, including two closings, are not realised as diphthongs. Both the vowels are articulated without gliding as monothongs. Pakistani multilinguals insert short vowels instead of long vowels; replacing one vowel with another is a mispronunciation of diphthongs. Sometimes diphthongs are mispronounced in Pakistani multilingualism and sometimes replaced by monothongs, which do not occur in English phonology. The difference between male and female speakers is duration of articulation. In this research, the female speakers articulated the five diphthongs. This research is not only based on auditory perception, which is subjective, but also on spectrogram evidence. The samples collected for this research are audio files of pronounced diphthongs converted to spectrograms. The research has analysed the diphthongs acoustically. This study focuses on Pakistani multilingual females in general. Pakistani English is associated with standard British English. Standard British English is like a mother to the Pakistani language because it laid the foundation for Pakistani English, which gradually changed under different factors. Changes are part of any variety of language. The same is true for multilingual Pakistanis. This research helped teachers focus on spoken English. Because this study was conducted on a small sample size, it can be applied to a much larger population sample. This study has revealed various barriers to Pakistani multilinguals understanding the pronunciation of diphthongs. &nbsp

The comparative effect of lactic acid fermentation and germination on the levels of neurotoxin, anti-nutrients, and nutritional attributes of sweet blue pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), an indigenous legume of the subcontinental region, is a promising source of protein and other nutrients of health significance. Contrarily, a high amount of β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and other anti-nutrients limits its wider acceptability as healthier substitute to protein of animal and plant origin. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of different processing techniques, viz. soaking, boiling, germination, and fermentation, to improve the nutrient-delivering potential of grass pea lentil and to mitigate its anti-nutrient and toxicant burden. The results presented the significant (p < 0.05) effect of germination on increasing the protein and fiber content of L. sativus from 22.6 to 30.7% and 15.1 to 19.4%, respectively. Likewise, germination reduced the total carbohydrate content of the grass pea from 59.1 to 46%. The highest rate of reduction in phytic acid (91%) and β-ODAP (37%) were observed in germinated grass pea powder, whereas fermentation anticipated an 89% reduction in tannin content. The lactic acid fermentation of grass pea increased the concentration of calcium, iron, and zinc from 4020 to 5100 mg/100 g, 3.97 to 4.35 mg/100 g, and 3.52 to 4.97 mg/100 g, respectively. The results suggest that fermentation and germination significantly (p < 0.05) improve the concentration of essential amino acids including threonine, leucine, histidine, tryptophan, and lysine in L. sativus powder. This study proposes lactic acid fermentation and germination as safer techniques to improve the nutrient-delivering potential of L. sativus and suggests processed powders of the legume as a cost-effective alternative to existing plant proteins.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Synthesis of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol and its antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

This study is based on the synthesis of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol (C16H12N2O) as an azo coupled dye through coupling reaction of phenyl diazonium salt and &alpha;- naphthol in ice-cold chilled water. Azo coupling involved an electrophilic substitution reaction of phenyl diazonium cation with &alpha;- naphtholate ion, the coupling partner. The 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol was characterized through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antifungal activity of 4-phenyl-azo-1-naphthol was checked against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing wilt disease in tomato. Eight concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 100 mg mL-1 were tested against the fungus. None of the concentration suppressed the fungal growth. Instead, all the concentrations variably enhanced the fungal biomass over control by 8&ndash;28%. This study concludes that the synthesized compound did not possess antifungal potential against FOL

Temperature-dependent effects on some biological aspects of two ectoparasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Abstract Background Temperature alters host suitability for the development of parasitoids through direct (thermal effect) and indirect (parental effect) pathways. The effects of three temperature regimes on the development and survival of two parasitoid species, Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) and Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was evaluated. The experiment was conducted at 20, 25, and 30°C temperatures with 65 ± 2% relative humidity (R.H.) and 16h: 8h (L: D) photoperiod. Results In C. phyllocnistoides, the pre-ovipositional period was longer at 20°C, while non- significant difference was observed in the pre-ovipositional period of C. ingenuus under the effect of different temperatures (P > 0.05). The ovipositional period of C. phyllocnistoides and C. ingenuus was higher at 20°C and gradually decreased by increasing the temperature. Non- significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in post-ovipositional period of both parasitoid species. Both species exhibited the maximum fecundity at 25°C, while, the minimum fecundity was recorded at 30°C. However, the adult longevity of both parasitoid species was highest at 20°C and gradually decreased by increasing the temperature. In both parasitoids, the parasitism rate was highest at 25°C. Conclusion This study highlighted the importance of thermal effects on some parasitoid species of insect pests to predict the future of trophic dynamics in global warming situations

Nucleotide analysis and prevalence of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of some captive avian species

The aim of the study was to check the prevalence of Escherichia coli in some captive avian species, seasonal effect on the E.coli prevalence and analysis of nucleotide sequences of E.coli. A total of 132 samples, 33 from Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 33 form Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 33 from Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulates) and 33 from Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) were collected from Conservation and Research Center, UVAS, Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Colony forming units was quantified for each sample. E. coli confirmation was done by biochemical and molecular characterization. 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced. 16S rRNA sequence was submitted to NCBI under the accession number MN841017, MN841018 and MN841019.Descriptive statistics showed the mean ± SEM value for E. coli CFU/ml of fecal sample from Turkey 1.91 × 108 ± 4.4 × 107, for Pheasants, the mean ± SEM was 1.55 × 108 ± 5.2 × 107 CFU/ml of fecal sample. The mean ± SEM of the fecal sample for Budgerigars and Chukar were 2.12 × 108 ± 3.3 × 107 CFU/ml and 1.6 × 108 ± 4.5 × 107 CFU/ml respectively. Inferential statistics showed that regardless of the bird species, there was almost a similar frequency of E. coli CFU/ml of fecal sample (p = 0.74). However, the incidence of E. coli fluctuates significantly depending on the season in the case of turkey and pheasants, and the impact was statistically significant (p < 0.0005). E.coli was most prevalent in Turkey during rainy summer and in Pheasants during cool dry winter. These findings show that accidental or direct contact with feces of these captive birds have possible risk of gastric illness to humans and animals. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms driving the seasonality of this important zoonotic pathogen will allow for the execution of effective control strategies when it is most prevalent

Toxicological potential of cobalt in forage for ruminants grown in polluted soil: a health risk assessment from trace metal pollution for livestock

The trace metal pollution in the environment is a highly concerned issue in these days. One of the important causes of trace metal pollution is the exhaust gases released from the vehicles on the roads. These dangerous gases pose life-threatening effects on the forage plants grown along the roadside as these plants are at direct risk to these trace metals. The aims of the present study were to determine the cobalt (Co) concentrations in soil, forages, and blood plasma of the buffaloes and to evaluate the Co deficiencies and toxicities in these samples. All samples were collected from six sites (Faisalabad roadside, Bhalwal roadside, Shaheenabad roadside, Mateela roadside, 50 Chak roadside, and Dera Saudi-control) of Sargodha city. The Co concentrations in these samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan). In soil samples, Co level ranged from 1.958 to 3.457mg/kg in the six sampling sites. The highest Co level was observed at site 6 and the lowest at site 2. In forage samples, Co level ranged from 0.770 to 2.309mg/kg in the six sampling sites. The highest Co level was observed at site 3 and the lowest at site 2. In blood plasma samples, Co level ranged from 2.644 to 4.927mg/kg in the six sampling sites. The highest Co level was observed at site 1 and the lowest at site 3. The results showed higher Co values in the samples collected from the site IV while the bioconcentration factor for forage-soil was found highest in the samples collected from Site III. On the other hand, a correlation was found positively significant when soil and forage were correlated, and it was found negatively significant when blood and forage were correlated